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A
Data Tables
217
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218
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
TABLE A-1 Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds and the Most Common
Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) Systems
Compound I-TEFa WHO 94b WHO 98c
Dioxins
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1 1 1.0
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.5 0.5 1.0
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.01 0.01 0.01
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001 0.001 0.0001
Furans
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.05 0.05 0.05
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.5 0.5 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1
2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01 0.01 0.01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01 0.01 0.01
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzofuran 0.001 0.001 0.0001
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
3,3'4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) 0.0005 0.0001
3,4,4',5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-81) 0.0001
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB- 126) 0.1 0.1
3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-169) 0.01 0.01
2,3,3',4,4-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-105) 0.0001 0.0001
2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-118) 0.0001 0.0001
2',3,4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-123) 0.0001 0.0001
2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-156) 0.0005 0.0005
2,3,3',4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-157) 0.0005 0.0005
2,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-167) 0.00001 0.00001
2,3,4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-114) 0.0005 0.0005
2,2',3,3',4,4',5-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB-170) 0.0001
2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB - 180) 0.00001
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB-189) 0.0001 0.0001
aInternational TEF system. See EPA (1989).
bAhlborg et al. (1994).
Cvan den Berg et al. (1998).
NOTE: Bold type indicates compounds with varying TEFs.
OCR for page 219
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-2 Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) Systems Used in
Governmental Reports on Dioxins and Dixon-like Compounds Reviewed by
the Committee
219
Reference CDDs/CDFs PCBs
AEA Technology, I-TEQ unless otherwise specified; Not evaluated
1999 WHO (1994) also used
ATSDR, 1998 All are presented, but use is not Both are presented, but use is
distinguished not distinguished
EPA, 2000 WHO 98 is preferred, but all WHO 98 is preferred, but all
systems are used and systems are used and
distinguished distinguished
Fiedler et al., 2000 I-TEQ and WHO 98; most data WHO 98; sometimes added
given in I-TEQ into I-TEQ
IARC, 1997 I-TEQ Not evaluated
Scientific Committee WHO 98 is preferred WHO 98 is preferred
on Food, 2000, 2001
NOTE: CDD = chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, CDF = chlorodibenzofuran, PCB = polychlorinated
biphenyl, TEQ = toxicity equivalents.
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220
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
TABLE A-3 Data for the Lowest Exposure Strata in Cancer Epidemiology
Studies on Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds
Table
Number Exposure Definition
Risk Measure
Risk Estimate (95%
confidence interval)
Lowest septile of estimated
cumulative exposure
(0 to < 19)
Lowest septile of estimated
cumulative exposure
(0 to < 39)
0-125.1 ng TCDD/kg
blood (German chemical
manufacturing workers)
Subcohorts (German
chemical manufacturing
workers) with median
blood TCDD levels of
9.5 ppt and 8.4 ppt
7-14 Low estimated potential for
phenoxyacetic acid
exposure
Low estimated potential
for chlorophenol exposure
7-17
Pulp and paper mill workers
(IARC considers this to
entail low exposure)
7-19 Seveso Region R
SMR for total cancer
SMR for total cancer
RR for total cancer
RR for lung cancer
RR for stomach cancer
RR for total cancer
RR for soft-tissue
sarcoma
RR for non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma
RR for soft-tissue
sarcoma
RR for non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma
RR for death from all
cancer
RR and SMR for all
cancer
1.14 (no lag)
0.98 (10-y lag)
1.24 (0.82-1.79)
0.5 (0.1-1.8)
0 (0-1~7)
1.1 (0.6-1.8)
0.6 (0.3-1.1)
0.9 (0.6-1.3)
0.9 (0.5-1.6)
1.0 (0.7-1.3)
0.9 (0.8-1.0)
Males 0.9 (0.9-1.0)
Females 0.9 (0.8-1.1)
NOTE: SMR = standard mortality ratio, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, RR = relative risk,
IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer.
SOURCE: EPA (2000).
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APPENDIX A
TABLE A-4 Body Burdens of Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in
Potentially Highly Exposed Populations
221
Value (Tissue) in the Value (Tissue) in the
Reference Exposed Populationa Referents Comments
Breastfed infants
EPA, Mean at 11 mo: 34.7 pg Mean at 11 mo: 2.7 pg 1994-1995
2000 TEQDF-WHO98/g TEQDF-WHO98/g
lipid (blood) lipid (blood)
EPA, Mean at 25 mo: 43.9 pg Mean at 25 mo: 3.3 pg 1994-1995
2000 TEQDF-WHO98/g TEQDF-WHO98/g
lipid (blood) lipid (blood)
EPA, Mean at 11 mo: 31.4 pg Mean at 11 mo: 2.5 pg 1994-1995
2000 TEQp wHo98/g TEQp wHo98/g
lipid (blood) lipid (blood)
Heavy consumers of fish (other than Northern Dwellers)
EPA, Mean in high-fish Mean in non-fish
2000 consumers: 60 pg consumers: 20 pg
I-TEQDF/g lipid (blood) I-TEQDF/g lipid (blood)
EPA, Mean in fish eaters: 292.6 Mean in controls:
2000 Pg TEQp WHO94/g
lipid (blood)
EPA,
2000
10.9 pg TEQp-wHo94/g
lipid (blood)
People living near local sources of contamination
EPA, Consumers of local beef Comparison group: 17.0
2000 and eggs for up to 15 y: pg I-TEQDF/g (blood)
63.7 pg I-TEQDF/g
(blood)
EPA, Near industrial emissions: Control samples: 16 and
2000 49-291 pg I-TEQDF/g 26 pg I-TEQDF/g
lipid (blood) lipid (blood)
Near a solid waste Expected mean: 55 pg
TEQDFp-wHo94Ig lipid
(blood)
incinerator: 22-463 pg
TEQDFp WHO94/g
lipid (blood)
EPA, Near a PCB manufacturing
2000 plant:
16-39 pg I-TEQD/g lipid
(blood)
7-131 pg I-TEQF/g lipid
(blood)
Baltic Sea fish in
Sweden
Fishermen in the
Gulf of the St.
Lawrence;
congener
analysis done
only in the
10/185 samples
with the highest
total PCB
concentrations
Unclear if this is
lipid basis
England
Japan
Alabama
19 pg I-TEQD/g lipid
(blood)
8 pg I-TEQF/g lipid
(blood)
continued
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222
TABLE A-4 Continued
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
Value (Tissue) in the Value (Tissue) in the
Reference Exposed Population Referents Comments
34-360 pg TEQp-wHo94/g
lipid (blood)
32 pg TEQp-wHo94/g
lipid (blood)
Northern Dwellers
ATSDR, 8.4 pg TCDD/g (plasma)
1998
ATSDR, 39.6 pg TEQ/g (plasma) 14.6 pg TEQ/g (plasma)
1998
ATSDR, 184.2 pg TEQ/g (plasma)
1998
< 2 pg TCDD/g Inuits vs
Quebecois
Inuits vs
Quebecois
Inuits vs
Quebecois
26.1 pg TEQ/g (plasma)
NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
. .
dioxin.
TABLE A-5 Intakes of Dioxins by Highly Exposed Populations
Reference Population Value Compounds Comments
Breastfed infants
ATSDR, 1998 At 4 weeks 132.1 pg TEQ/kg CDD Cumulative
intake
257 pg TEQ/kg CDD/CDF
ATSDR, 1998 83.1 pg TEQ/kg/d CDD/CDF Older data
ATSDR, 1998 During first year 35-53 pg TEQ/kg/d CDD/CDF Older data
People living near local sources of contamination
EPA, 2000 Near a waste Background intake
incineration site, from same food
estimated daily types, 43.2 pg
intake of 165 pg I-TEQDF/d
I-TEQDF/d
CDD/CDF
Wales
NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, CDD = chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, CDF = chlorodibenzofuran.
OCR for page 223
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-6 Existing Total Human Exposure Limits
223
Legislation/Guidelines
Country/Organization pg TEQ/kg/d
Tolerable daily intake WHO 1-4
JECFA 2.3
EC 2
The Netherlands 1
Japan 4
Tolerable weekly intake JECFA 16.1
EC 14
Proposed tolerable monthly intake Australia 70
Provisional tolerable monthly intake JECFA 70
NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, WHO = World Health Organization, JECFA = Joint Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, EC =
European Commission.
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224
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
TABLE A-7 Summary of Existing U.S. Federal Environmental Regulations
and Guidelines
Regulation/Guideline Description Limits
Human Exposure
ATSDR Guidelines/CERCLA In compliance with CERCLA, ATSDR has set up Acute ME
MRLs, which are estimates of daily human exposure Intermedi,
to a substance that is likely to be without appreciable Chronic
risk of adverse health effects
Air
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart AAAA New Source Performance Standards for New Small 13 ng/dsc
Municipal Waste Combustion Units mass be
m~n~mu
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart BBBB Emission Guidelines for Existing Small Municipal 125 ng/ds
Waste Combustion Units
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart EB New Source Performance Standards for Large 13 ng/dsc
Municipal Waste Combustors mass be
mass (c
testing)
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart EC New Source Performance Standards HMIWI Small HE
(55 g/1~
(1.0 g/l
Medium a
CDD/C.
TEQ (O
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart CE Applies to HMIWI constructed on or before 6/20/96 Small, me
125 ng/
dscf) c
Small furl
CDD/C
TEQ (6
40 C.F.R. 63, 261, and 430 New Source Performance Standards: Pulp, Paper, and
Paperboard Category
40 C.F.R. 63, 261, and 430 National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants for Source Category: Pulp and Paper
Production, Effluent Limitations Guidelines,
Pretreatment Standards
40 C.F.R. 60 Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Cement Kilns, and New Sour
Lightweight Aggregate Kilns New Sources Existing '
0.40 ng
to the i:
device
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart CCCC New Source Performance Standards for CIWI 0.41 ng/d.
constructed after 9/30/99
40 C.F.R. 60 Subpart DDDD Emission Guidelines for Existing CIWI 0.41 ng/d.
OCR for page 225
APPENDIX A
Nations
225
Limits
Date Implementation Date Compliance
Required Required
lp
exposure
~reciable
nail
pal
0/96
r, and
er
Acute MRL = 0.0002 ,ug/kg/d
Intermediate MRL = 0.00002 ,ug/kg/d
Chronic MRL = 0.000001 ,ug/kg/d
13 ng/dscm for dioxins/furans on a total
mass basis, using a 3-run average with a
minimum of 4-h run duration
125 ng/dscm (total mass basis)
13 ng/dscm for dioxins/furans on a total
mass basis (mandatory), or 7 ng/dscm total
mass (optional to qualify for less frequent
testing)
Small HMIWI: 125 ng/dscm total CDD/CDF
(55 g/109 dscf) or 2.3 ng/dscm TEQ
(1.0 g/109 dscf)
Medium and Large HMIWI: 25 ng/dscm total
CDD/CDF (11 g/109 dscf) or.6 ng/dscm
TEQ (0.26 g/109 dscf)
Small, medium, and large HMIWI:
125 ng/dscm total CDD/CDF (55 g/109
dscf) or 2.3 ng/dscm TEQ (1.0 g/109 dscf)
Small rural HMIWI: 800 ng/dscm total
CDD/CDF (350 g/109 dscf) or 15 ng/dscm
TEQ (6.6 g/109 dscf)
Not applicable Not applicable
6/6/01
6/6/01
Implementation by 12/6/05
state plan
6/19/96
6/19/96
Effective 3/15/98
3/15/98 or within
180 days of initial
start up
Effective 9/14/00 8/15/01 or
incrementally
by 9/15/02
ad New Sources: 0.20 ng TEQ/dscm 9/30/99 9/30/02
Existing Sources: 0.20 ng TEQ/dscm or
0.40 ng TEQ/dscm and temperature at inlet
to the initial particulate matter control
device < 400°F
0.41 ng/dscm (TEQ basis) 1/30/01 Within 60 days, no
later than 180 days
after initial startup
0.41 ng/dscm (TEQ basis) 12/1/01 12/6/05
continued
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226
TABLE A-7 Continued
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
Regulation/Guideline Description Limits
Water
National Primary Drinking Maximum contaminant level 2,3,7,8-T(
Water Regulations
Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum contaminant level goal in public drinking water 2,3,7,8-T(
Sludge/biosolids
40 C.F.R. 503 (proposed) Proposed Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage 0.0003 me
Sludge for apply
NOTE: ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CERCLA = Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, MRL = minimum risk level, dscm =
dry standard cubic meter, HMIWI = hazardous material/industrial waste incinerator, CDD =
chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, CDF = chlorodibenzofuran, TEQ = toxicity equivalents, dscf = dry
standard cubic feet, CIWI = commercial/industrial waste incinerator, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-
. . .
p-aloxln.
OCR for page 227
APPENDIX A
227
Date Implementation Date Compliance
Limits Required Required
2,3,7,8-TCDD: 3 x 10-8 mg/L 1994 1994
king water 2,3,7,8-TCDD: O Nonenforceable, Nonenforceable,
voluntary health voluntary health
goal goal
Sewage
0.0003 mg TEQ/kg dry sewage sludge
for application to land
Proposed 12/23/99 Not applicable
prehensive
dscm =
A=
,cf = dry
~dibenzo-
OCR for page 270
270
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
TABLE A-25 Concentrations of DLCs in Foods
Fiedler et al. Scientific
Food ATSDR (1998)a (2000)b AEA Technology (1999)C on Food (I
Beef National average: Europe: all meats: Denmark: meat, 2.6 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Beef and
0.89 pg 0.09-20 pg Finland: < 0.2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/:
I-TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/g lipid Germany: 1.44-3.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid 0.681 (l
New York: Netherlands: 1.25-1.8 pg TEQ/g lipid pg I-TE
0.04-1.5 pg Spain: 1.76 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 0
I-TEQ/g ww Sweden: range 0.4-1.5 pg N-TEQ/g (0.86-1
lipid TEQW~
Pork National average: See beef Finland: < 0.1 pg N-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC
1.30 pg Germany: 0.13-0.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid (0.13-3
I-TEQ/g lipid Netherlands: 0.25-0.43 pg TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/,
New York: Spain: 0.90 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
0.3 pg I-TEQ/g Sweden: range 0.06-1.2 pg N-TEQ/g
ww lipid
Chicken National average: See milk Denmark: 2.2 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC
0.40-0.98 pg Germany: 0.70-2.3 pg I-TEQ/g lipid (0.37-1
I-TEQ/g lipid Netherlands: 0.66-1.6 pg TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/,
New York: Spain: 1.15 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
0.03 pg Sweden, range: 0.42-1.1 pg N-TEQ/g
I-TEQ/g ww lipid
United Kingdom: 0.13 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Other meat New York: See beef Germany: veal, 0.70-7.4 pg I-TEQ/g Game: PC
0.12-0.4 pg lipid 1.81 (0
I-TEQ/g ww Germany: lamb, 2.0 pg I-TEQ/g lipid pg I-TE
Netherlands: liver, 5.7-42 pg TEQ/g PCB, 3
lipid TEQ
Spain: lamb, 1.76 pg I-TEQ g/lipid
Sweden: mutton, range 0.55-1.3 pg
N-TEQ/g lipid
United Kingdom: duck, 0.4 pg
I-TEQ/g fw
United Kingdom: carcass, 0.13 pg
I-TEQ/g fw
OCR for page 271
APPENDIX A
271
Scientific Committee
on Food (2000, 2001)4 IARC (1997)e
EPA (2000}f
2/g lipid
rpld
i/g lipid
Q/g lipid
TEQ/g
.,
rpla
i/g lipid
_Q/g lipid
[-TEQ/g
id
i/g lipid
Q/g lipid
9-TEQ/g
'EQ/g fw
-TEQ/g
;2/g lipid
TEQ/g
'/lipid
1.3 pg
L3 pg
Beef and veal:
PCDD/PCDF,
0.681 (0.38-1.1)
pg I-TEQ/g lipid;
PCB, 0.914
(0.86-1.08) pg
TEQWHO94/g lipid
PCDD/PCDF, 0.258
(0.13-3.8) pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
PCDD/PCDF, 0.524 Europe:
(0.37-1.4) pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Game: PCDD/PCDF, Europe:
1.81 (0.97-1.97)
pg I-TEQ/g lipid;
PCB, 3.15 pg
TEQWHO94/g lipid
Mean of all data
for all meats:
6.5 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe: 1.77 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
United States:
0.89 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe: 0.42 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
1.62-1.68 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
0.4-61.2 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Preferred value: 1.06 pg TEQDF WHO98/g lipid
0.49 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
Other: 0.152-0.254 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
0.04-1.5 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
0.29 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Canada: 0.10-0~39 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
Germany: 0.71-0.95 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 1.75 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 1.76 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Preferred value: 1.48 pg TEQDF WHO98/g lipid
0.06 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
Other: 0.029-0.26 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Canada: 0.049-0~053 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
Germany: 0.39 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 0.43 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 0.90 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Preferred value: 0~77 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g
lipid 0.29 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
Other: 0.043-0.085 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
0.03 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Canada: 0.062-0~076 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
Germany: 0.62 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 1.65 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 1.15 g I-TEQDF/g lipid
No preferred value
continued
OCR for page 272
272
TABLE A-25 Continued
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
Fiedler et al. Scientific
Food ATSDR (1998)a (2000)b AEA Technology (1999)C on Food (I
Cow milk National average: Europe: 0.2-3 pg Denmark: 2.6 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC
0.82 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Finland: 0.83-1.17 pg N-TEQ/g lipid (0.26-3
I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: milk, France: 1.81 pg I-TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/,
milk products, Germany: 0.71-0.87 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 1.2'
poultry, eggs, Ireland: 0.08-0.51 pg I-TEQ/g lipid pg TEE
midpoints in Netherlands: 0.38-1.6 pg TEQ/g lipid lipid
range of Spain: 1.2-2.0 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
0.75-1.7 pg Sweden: 0.93-2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid
I-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: 1.01 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Other New York: See milk Denmark: cheese, 2.2 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC
dairy 0.04-0.7 pg Europe: 0.5-4 pg Finland: 0.83 pg N-TEQ/g lipid (0.30-1
I-TEQ/g ww I-TEQ/g lipid France: butter, cheese, cream, I-TEQ/,
1.01-1.34 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 0.5(
Germany: milk/dairy products, (0.38-0
0.75-1.02 pg I-TEQ/g lipid TEQ
Italy: butter, 8.4 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Netherlands: butter, cheese, 1.4-1.8 pg
TEQ/g lipid
Spain: 1.25 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Sweden: butter, range 0.35-0.5 pg
N-TEQ/g lipid
OCR for page 273
APPENDIX A
273
Scientific Committee
on Food (2000, 2001)d IARC (1997)e EPA (2000}f
id
2/g lipid
Q/g lipid
'g lipid
Q/g lipid
pid
lipid
'EQ/g lipid
EQ/g lipid
lid
fw
L.4-1.8 pg
1.5 pg
PCDD/PCDF, 0.972 Mean of all data: Preferred value: 0.98 pg TEQDF wHo98lg lipid
(0.26-3.57) pg 2.3 pg 0.49 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
I-TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/g lipid Other: 0.061 pg TEQDF/g
PCB, 1.25 (0.23-1.8) Median: 1.7 pg
pg TEQwHog4/g
lipid
PCDD/PCDF, 0.612
(0~30-1.5) pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
PCB, 0.564
(0.38-0.78) pg
TEQwHo94lg lipid
I-TEQ/g lipid
95th percentile:
4.5 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe:
1.31-3.94 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
United States:
0.99 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Mean of all data:
2.4 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe:
0.75-2.3 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
0.012-0.026 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
0.1-1.2 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Canada: 0.025-0~072 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
France: 1.91 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Germany: 0.71 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 1.02-1.20 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
United Kingdom: 0.06-0.08 pg I-TEQDF/g
Preferred value: assumed to be the same, on
a lipid basis, as for milk
Other: 0.082-0.38 pg I-TEQDF/g
0.254-0.770 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
0.04-0.73 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Canada: 0.138-0~93 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
France: 1.01-1.34 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Germany: 0.64-0.66 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 1.4-1.8 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 1.25 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
continued
OCR for page 274
274
TABLE A-25 Continued
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
Food
Fiedler et al.
ATSDR (1998)a (2000)b
AEA Technology (1999)C
Scientific
on Food (I
Fish
Eggs No data
New York:
0.02-0.13 pg
I-TEQ/g ww
New York/
New Jersey:
wild crab:
78.2 pg
TEQ/g ww
Europe: 2-300 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
See milk
Europe: 1-4 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Sweden: 0.35-6.3 pg N-TEQ/g fw
Sweden: herring, 9.1-420 pg N-TEQ/g
lipid
United Kingdom: 16-700 pg I-TEQ/g
lipid
Denmark: 50 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Finland: herring, 30.2 pg N-TEQ/g
lipid
Finland: farmed trout, 4.2-33.4 pg
N-TEQ/g lipid
Germany: 3.3-22.3 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Italy: 8.7-14.6 pg TEQ/g lipid
Italy: other, 5.9-57.5 pg TEQ/g lipid
Netherlands: 2.4-121.5 pg TEQ/g lipid
Netherlands: other, 66.8-76.5 pg
TEQ/g lipid
Spain: 2.57-7.90 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Spain: seafood, 10.59 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Sweden: 0.35-42.8 pg N-TEQ/g fw
United Kingdom: farmed, 5.1 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
United Kingdom: farmed, including
PCBs, 24 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
United Kingdom: wild, 1.9-34 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Sweden: 0.08 pg N-TEQ/g fw
Denmark: 1.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Finland: 1.2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid
Germany: 1.36-4.58 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Netherlands: 2 pg TEQ/g lipid
Spain: 1.22 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Sweden: range 0.89-1.3 pg N-TEQ/g
lipid
United Kingdom: 0.6-1.2 pg I-TEQ/g
fw
Wild: PC]
9.92 (0
pg I-TE
PCB, 3
(1.61-1
TEQW}
Cultured:
PCDD/
(2.33-2
I-TEQ/,
PCB: 1
(9~92-3
TEQW1'
PCDD/PC
(0.46-7
I-TEQ/,
OCR for page 275
APPENDIX A
275
Scientific Committee
on Food (2000, 2001)d IARC (1997)e EPA (2000}f
/g fw
N-TEQ/g
I-TEQ/g
rEQ/g
,.4 pg
i/g lipid
d
)/g lipid
_Q/g lipid
Pg
lipid
EQ/g lipid
2lg fw
- Pg
luding
4 pg
id
d
Q/g lipid
I-TEQ/g
I-TEQ/g
Wild: PCDD/PCDF,
9.92 (0.125-2.25)
pg I-TEQ/g lipid;
PCB, 35.3
(1.61-168) pg
TEQWHo94/g lipid 95th percentile:
Cultured: 54 pg I-TEQ/g
PCDD/PCDF, 8.84 lipid
(2.33-27.9) pg Europe:
I-TEQ/g lipid;
PCB: 19.6
(9.92-39.7) pg
TEQwHo94lg lipid
PCDD/PCDF, 1.19
(0~46-7.32) pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Mean of all data: Freshwater fish, shellfish, and estuarine fish:
25 pg I-TEQ/g WM 1.0 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g fw
lipid; median: WM 1.2 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig fw
31 pg I-TEQ/g Marine fish and shellfish:
lipid WM 0.26 pg TEQDF-wHo98Ig fw
WM 0.25 n~ TEO~ ``TT T~^O/~ fw
2.72-48.6 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
United States:
farmed,
5.0-42.9 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe:
1.26-2.02 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
-- `0 -—~r-Wn~~ 0 -
Farmed: 1.19-2.64 pg I-TEQDF/g fw
Wild: 0.027-0.72 pg I-TEQDF/g fw
11.13 - 25.33 pg TEQDFp-wHo98Ig lipid
0.22 - 2.0 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g
1.57-2.12 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig fw
0.25-0.69 pg I-TEQDF/g fw
0.1-6.9 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig mt
Shellfish: 0.033-2.34 pg I-TEQDF/g fw
0.23 - 0.26 pg TEQDF-wHo98/g
0.03-1.99 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig fw
0.1-5.4 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig mt
Hepatopancreas, 5.2-1,820 pg
TEQp WH094/g
Canada: 0.12-0.62 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g
France: fish, 104-523 pg TEQ p wHO94lg lipid
Germany: 7.44-104.1 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 2.4-48.65 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 2.57-10.59 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
United Kingdom: farmed fish, 5.1 pg
I-TEQDFlg lipid
19.0 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig lipid;
wild: 0.7-25 pg TEQDF-wHo98Ig lipid
5.4-59 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
United Kingdom/Norway: wild, 5-18 pg
TEQDF wHO98/g lipid
9-25 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid
Preferred value: 0~081 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g
ww 0.1 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig ww
Other: 0.032 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g ww
0.17 pg TEQDF/g
0.019-0.038 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Germany: 2.10 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Netherlands: 2.0 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 1.22 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
continued
OCR for page 276
276
TABLE A-25 Continued
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
Food ATSDR (1998)a
Fiedler et al.
(2000)b
AEA Technology (1999)C
Scientific
on Food (I
Lipids and No data
oils
Vegetables No data
Europe: 0.2-2 pg
I-TEQ/g lipid
Europe: midpoint,
1.2 pg I-TEQ/g
lipid
Europe:
Denmark: 0.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Germany: lard, 0.8 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Netherlands: 0.03-0.17 pg TEQ/g lipid
Netherlands: fish oil, 0.99 pg TEQ/g
lipid
Spain: 0.49-0.64 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
United Kingdom: fish oils, 0.25-9.2 pg
TEQ/g oil
United Kingdom: 0.2 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Denmark: 0.015 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
0.002-0.3 pg Finland: < 0.00005-0.04 pg I-TEQ/g fw
I-TEQ/g fw Germany: 0.0064-0.017 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Europe: fruits and Netherlands: 0.13 pg TEQ/g dw
vegetables, Spain: 0.14-0.19 pg I-TEQ/g fw
midpoint, 0.1 United Kingdom: 0.3-0.4 pg I-TEQ/g fw
pg I-TEQ/g fw
Fruits No data See vegetables
Bread and
grains No data
No data
Fruit and
PCDD/]
0.029
(0.004-
I-TEQ/`
See veget.
Europe: 0.1-2 pg
I-TEQ/g fw
Denmark: 0.015 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Finland: < 0.00005 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Germany: < 0.01-0.015 pg I-TEQ/g dm
Spain: 0.09 pg I-TEQ/g fw
United Kingdom: 0.3 pg I-TEQ/g fw
Denmark: 0.1 pg I-TEQ/g lipid
Finland: 0.00048-0.0014 pg I-TEQ/g ww
Europe: midpoint, Netherlands: 0.4-0.85 pg TEQ/g lipid
1.2 pg I-TEQ/g Spain: 0.25 pg I-TEQ/g fw
fw United Kingdom: 0.03-0.17 pg
I-TEQ/g fw
PCDD/PC
(0.01-0
I-TEQ/`
PCB, 0.11
TEQWl
aPCDD/PCDF. Nondetected congeners were assumed present at i/2 the detection limit.
bRanges are estimated from a log-scale graphic.
CFrom Task 4 Annex 1. PCDD/PCDF unless otherwise indicated. Most data are mean values.
dEstimated mean (range) from Table 2.
eFrom Appendix 1. PCDD/PCDF only. Nondetected congeners were assumed present at detection
limits. All data: irrespective of country or sampling year.
fFrom part I, volume 3, chapter 3. In most cases, nondetected congeners were assumed present at
i/2 the detection limit. For preferred values on a whole-food basis, see chapter 3, tables 3-59 and 3-60.
NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, fw = fresh weight, ww = wet weight, dw = dry weight, dm =
dry matter, mt = muscle tissue, WM = weighted mean (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA] averaged dioxin and dioxin-like compound concentrations for each fish/shellfish species by
the average consumption rate and summed for a category mean; WM values are EPA's preferred
values).
OCR for page 277
APPENDIX A
277
Scientific Committee
on Food (2000, 2001)d IARC (1997)e EPA (2000}f
id No data Europe: Preferred value: 0~056 pg TEQ DF-WHO98/g
/g lipid 0.03-2.24 pg 0.037 TEQwHo98/g
_Q/g lipid I-TEQ/g lipid Canada: 0.31-0.44 pg TEQDFp WHO94lg
TEQ/g Netherlands: 0.006-2.2 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
Spain: 0.49-0.64 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
Pg
,Q/g fw
ipid Fruit and vegetables, No data No preferred value
-TEQ/g fw PCDD/PCDF, Germany: 4.3-16.9 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid
TEQ/g fw 0.029 Spain: 0.09-0.25 pg I-TEQDF/g ww
lw (0.004-0.090) pg
fw I-TEQ/g fw
I-TEQ/g fw
lipid
/g fw
TEQ/g dm
,Q/g fw
See vegetables No data No data
See vegetables
id PCDD/PCDF, 0.019 Europe: No data
[-TEQ/g ww (0.01-0.02) pg 1.34-2.66 pg See vegetables
2/g lipid I-TEQ/g fw I-TEQ/g lipid
PCB, 0.11 pg
)g TEQwHOg4/g fw
rues.
detection
resent at
59 and 3-60.
kit, dm=
gency
pecies by
referred
OCR for page 278
278
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
TABLE A-26 U.S. Mean Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs),
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)
Toxicity Equivalents (TEQ) Concentrations in Beef, Pork, Young Chickens,
and Milk
Young
Description Beef Pork Chickens Milk
1993-Present PCDD/PCDF,
pg TEQ/g lipid 0.89 (0.35) 1.30 (0.46) 0.64 (0.41) 0.84 (0.84)
1993-Present PCB, pg TEQ/g lipid 0.51 (0.51) 0.06 (0.06) 0.28 (0.28) 0.43 (0.43)
NOTE: Results assume nondetects = I/2 limit of detection; results calculated at nondetects = 0 shown
in parentheses.
TABLE A-27 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated
Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Toxicity
Equivalents (TEQ) Concentrations and Percent Differences from Current
Levels
Percent
Difference Percent
from Current Difference
PCDD/PCDF PCB TEQ PCDD/PCDF from Current
Description TEQ pg/g Lipid pg/g Lipid Levels PCB Levels
1908 Beef ration 0.34 (0.15) 0.07 (0.07) 38 (42) 15 (15)
1945 Beef and pork 0.98 (0.75) 0.36 (0.36) 89 (197) 140 (146)
1957 Dried cream 2.05 (0.81) 3.56 (3-54) 244 (96) 827 (824)
1968 Bacon bar 3.01 (2-94) 1.05 (1.05) 231 (638) 1,747 (2,620)
1968 Deviled ham 3.73 (3-71) 0.61 (0.61) 287 (805) 1,019 (1,529)
1971 Beef 1.36 (0.02) 2.48 (1.98) 153 (7) 540 (540)
1971 Bacon wafer 1.75 (1.62) 1.98 (1-98) 135 (352) 3,301 (4,952)
1977 Raw chicken 1.29 (1.18) 2.72 (2.72) 202 (287) 970 (970)
1977 Cooked chicken 1.33 (1.20) 2.83 (2.83) 209 (292) 1,009 (1,009)
1979 Pork slices 1.46 (1.20) 0.04 (0.04) 112 (262) 72 (105)
1980 Beef steak 0.94 (0.73) 0.93 (0.93) 106 (207) 203 (203)
1982 Ham slice 1.36 (1.04) 0.07 (0.07) 105 (227) 119 (178)
1983 Beef in barbeque 0.50 (0.03) 0.79 (0.79) 56 (8) 171 (171)
1983 Turkey with gravy 0.55 (0-23) 0.32 (0.31) 85 (57) 113 (113)
NOTE: Results assume nondetects = I/2 limit of detection; results calculated at nondetects = 0 shown
in parentheses.
OCR for page 279
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-28 Sources of Dioxins in the United States, May 2000
279
Source
1987 1995
Emissions Emissions
(g TEQDF wHOg8/Y) (g TEQDF wHOg8/Y)
2002/2004
Emissions
(g TEQDF wHOg8/Y)
Municipal solid waste
incineration, air 8,877.0
Backyard barrel burning, air 604.0
Medical waste incineration, air 2,590.0
Secondary copper smelting, air 983.0
Cement kilns (hazardous waste), air 117.8
Sewage sludge/land applied, land
Residential wood burning, air
Coal-fired utilities, air
Diesel trucks, air
Secondary aluminum smelting, air
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,
land
Iron ore sintering, air
Industrial wood burning, air
Bleached pulp and paper mills,
water
Cement kilns (nonhazardous
waste), air
Sewage sludge incineration, air
Endocrine disrupting chemicals/
vinyl chloride, air
Oil-fired utilities, air
Crematoria, air
Unleaded gasoline, air
Hazardous waste incineration, air
Lightweight ag kilns, hazardous
waste, air
Kraft black liquor boilers, air
Petrol refine catalyst reg., air
Leaded gasoline, air
Secondary lead smelting, air
Paper mill sludge, land
Cigarette smoke, air
Endocrine disrupting chemicals/
vinyl chloride, land
Endocrine disrupting chemicals/
vinyl chloride, water
Boilers/industrial furnaces, air
Tire combustion, air
Drum reclamation, air
Totals
Reduction from 1987
76.6
89.6
50.8
27.8
16.3
33.4
32.7
26.4
356.0
13.7
6.1
NA
17.8
5.5
3.6
5.0
2.4
2.0
2.2
37.5
1.2
14.1
1.0
NA
NA
0.8
0.1
0.1
1,250.0
628.0
488.0
271.0
156.1
76.6
62.8
60.1
35.5
29.1
28.9
28.0
27.6
19.5
17.8
14.8
11.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
5.8
3.3
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
13,995 3,252
77%
12.0
628.0
7.0
5.0
7.7
76.6
62.8
60.1
35.5
29.1
28.9
28.0
27.6
12.0
17.8
14.8
11.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
3.5
0.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
1,106
92%
NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents.
OCR for page 280
280
DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
REFERENCES
AEA Technology. 1999. Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data. Prepared for the
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Scientific Committee on Food. 2001. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Risk
Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food. Update. European Commission, Health
and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/20 Final. Brussels: Euro-
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van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld AT, Brunstrom B. Cook P. Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanberg A,
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RE, Poellinger L, Safe S. Schrenk D, Tillitt D, Tysklind M, Younes M, Waern F. Zacharewski
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Environ Health Perspect 106:775-792.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
lipid united
