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Appendix B
Acronym List
AAIW Antarctic Intermediate Water
ABE Autonomous Benthic Explorer
ACT Alliance for Coastal Technologies
ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing System (Japan)
AIRS Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
ALOHA A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment Station
ALOOS Acoustically-Linked Ocean Observing System
API Application Programming Interface
ARENA Advanced Real-Time Earth Monitoring Network in the
Area
ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer
ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare
AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
AWI The Alfred Wegener Institute
B-DEOS British-Dynamics of Earth and Ocean Systems
BATS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Station
BCKDF British Columbia Knowledge and Development Fund
BIO Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Canada)
BTM Bermuda Testbed Mooring
C-GODS Coastal Global Ocean Observing System
CCSP Climate Change Science Program
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APPEND/X B 195
CDIP Coastal Data Information Program (Australia)
CERSAT Centre ERS d'Archivage et de Traitement (see ERS)
CFI Canadian Foundation for Innovation
CICEET Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Envi-
ronmental Technology
CIS Central Irminger Sea
CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability Programme
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CoOP Coastal Ocean Processes Program
COOP Coastal Ocean Observations Panel
CORE Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education
COSEE Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence
COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf
CRAB Coastal Research Amphibious Buggy
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (Australia)
CTD Conductivity, Temperature and Depth
DAC Data and Communications (subsystem of IOOS)
DART Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
DEOS Dynamics of Earth and Ocean Systems
DESCEND Developing Submergence Science for the Next Decade
DESSC Deep Submergence Science Committee (of UNOLS)
DMAS Data Management and Archiving System (referring to
NEPTUNE's system)
DMS Data Management System (for OOI)
DODS Distributed Oceanographic Data System
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EM Electro-Mechanical
ENSO E1 Nino Southern Oscillation
EOM Electro-Optical-Mechanical
EPO Education and Public Outreach
ESTOC European Station for Time-series in the Ocean Canary
islands
EU European Union
FLIP Floating Instrument Platform
FOFC Federal Oceanographic Facilities Committee
FRF Field Research Facility (in Duck, North Carolina)
FY Fiscal Year
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196 APPEND/X B
GCOS Global Climate Observing System
GEO Global Eulerian Observatory
GHRSST GODAE High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature
GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Programme
GODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment
COOS Global Ocean Observing System
GPS Global Positioning System
GSN Global Seismic Network
H20 Hawaii-2 Observatory
MAW-2 Hawaii-2 Observatory's telecommunications cable
HLA Horizontal Line Array
HOT Hawaii Ocean Time-series program
HOV Human Occupied Vehicle
HUGO Hawaii Undersea Geo-Observatory
IDEA Instrumentation Development for Environmental
Activities
IDEAL International Decade for East African Lakes
IfMK Institut fur Meereskinde an der Universitat Kiel
IFREMER Institut franc~ais de recherche pour ['exploitation de la
mer
IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
IOC International Ocean Commission
ION International Ocean Network
IOOS Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System
IRIS Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology
ISS Integrated Study Site
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations
IUSS Integrated Undersea Surveillance System
~AMSTEC rapan Marine Science & Technology Center
~COMM roint Commission for Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology
JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux System
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
KERFIX Kerguelen Fixed Station (of the Kerguelen Islands Time-
Series Measurement Programme)
KNOT Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time-Series Station
LDEO Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory
LEO-15 Long-term Ecosystem Observatory (at 15 Meters Depth)
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APPEND/X B 197
MARS Monterey Accelerated Research System
MBARI Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
MISR Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MMS Minerals Management Service
MONCOZE Monitoring the Norwegian Coastal Zone Environment
MOOS MBARI Ocean Observing System
MOVE Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment
MREFC Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction
MTS Marine Technology Society
MVCO Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NDBC National Data Buoy Center
NDSF National Deep Submergence Facility
NEPTUNE NorthEast Pacific Time-series Undersea Networked
Experiments (U.S.)
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NODC National Oceanographic Data Center
NOPP National Oceanographic Partnership Program
NORLC National Ocean Research Leadership Council
NRC National Research Council
NSF National Science Foundation
NSES National Science Education Standards
NTAS Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station
OHM Operation and Maintenance
OAR Office of Atmospheric Research (at NOAA)
ODP Ocean Drilling Program
OGP Office of Global Programs (at NOAA)
OHP Ocean Hemisphere Project
ONR Office of Naval Research
OOI Ocean Observatories Initiative
OOPC Ocean Observations Panel for Climate
OOSDP Ocean Observation System Development Panel
OROPC Ocean Research Observatories Program Center
OSN Ocean Seismic Network
OWS Ocean Weather Service (U.S.)
OWS Ocean Weather Ship Station M (in Norway)
PAP Porcupine Abyssal Plain
PI Principal Investigator
PIRATA Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic
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198
PO.DAAC Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive
Center
APPEND/X B
POGO Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean
QC Quality Control (of data)
REVEL Research and Education: Volcanoes, Exploration, and
Life (at UW)
RIDGE Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiments
RIN Remote Instrument Node
ROADNet Real-time Observatories, Applications, and Data
Management Network
ROPOS Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Science
ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle
RSM Regional Sediment Management
RSMAS Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
SCOTS Scientific Cabled Observatories for Time-series
SDSC San Diego Supercomputer Center
SECNAV Secretary of the Navy
SEED Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data
SIIMs Scientific Instrument Interface Modules
SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SOEST School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
(University of Hawaii)
SOLAS Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study
SOSUS Sound Surveillance System
SSBN Fleet ballistic missile submarine
SWATH Small Water-plane Area Twin Hull
TAO Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project
TES Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
TOGA Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere
TRITON Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network
TSST Time-series Science Team
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNOLS University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USGS United States Geological Survey
US JGOFS United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
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APPENDIX B
VENUS
VLA
WHOI
WMO
WOCE
WWW
Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea
Vertical Line Array
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
World Meteorological Organization
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
World Weather Watch
XBT Expendable Bathythermograph
GLOSSARY
199
Acoustics: a science that deals with the production, control, transmission,
reception, and effects of sound.
ANZCAN: a retired Australia-New Zealand-Canada Trans-Pacific tele-
communication cable.
Argo: GODAE global profiling float project (not an acronym). For addi-
tional information, see http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV): a vehicle that can function
without tethers, cables, or remote control, they have a multitude of appli-
cations in oceanography, environmental monitoring, and underwater re-
source studies.
Bandwidth: the data transfer capacity of an electronic communications
system.
C-Band: one of ten satellite communication frequency ranges. Its range is
between 5.9 and 6.4 GHz for uplink and between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz for
downlink. C-Band is mainly used for domestic and commercial satellite
communication systems.
Calibrate: to standardize a measuring instrument by determining the de-
viation from a standard so as to ascertain the proper correction factors.
Climate Variability and Predictability Programme (CLIVAR): an inter-
national research program addressing issues of natural climate variability
and anthropogenic climate change.
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200
APPENDIX B
Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS): a product that is used "as-is." COTS
products are designed to be easily installed and to interoperate with exist-
ing system components. Almost all software bought by the average com-
puter user fits into the COTS category: operating systems, office product
suites, word processing, and e-mail programs are among the myriad ex-
amples.
Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (CORE): a non-
profit, Washington, DC-based organization that represents 73 of the na-
tion's academic institutions, aquaria, non-profit research institutes and
federal research laboratories with the common goal of promoting and
enhancing the visibility and effectiveness of ocean research and educa-
tion. For additional information; see http://www.nopp.org/Dev2Go.web?
Anchor=idune~rnd=8075.
CTD Profiler (conductivity, temperature, and depth): a physical mea-
surement system that utilizes modular sensor technology to allow abso-
lutely synchronous sampling of the conductivity, temperature, and pres-
sure sensors.
Data pull: in which a client acquires data from a source by requesting
data.
Data push: in which a source disseminates data to a client.
Delivery medium: the means through which data is delivered using dif-
ferent media (e.g., on line via the Internet, on CD-ROM, DVD, tapes) as
needed by users.
Discus Buoy: a buoy with a circular, disk-shaped hull.
Earthscope: an undertaking to apply modern observational, analytical,
and telecommunications technologies to investigate the structure and evo-
lution of the North American continent and the physical processes con-
trolling earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Eulerian: in this context, something that is fixed rather than free-floating.
Geodetic: concerning a branch of applied mathematics concerned with
the determination of the size and shape of the earth and the exact posi-
tions of points on its surface and with the description of variations of its
gravity field.
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APPENDIX B
Geomagnetism: terrestrial magnetism.
201
Geophysics: a branch of earth science dealing with the physical processes
and phenomena occurring in the earth and in its vicinity.
GeO-TOC: formally TPC-1, the first U.S.-lapan trans-ocean telecommuni-
cations cable in the Pacific (now retired).
Gimbal: a device that permits a body to incline freely in any direction or
suspends it so that it will remain level when its support is tipped.
Glider: an AUV with wings and ballast tanks rather than propellers or
motors, which allows them to have a much greater time in water, since
they are not limited to the amount of battery power they carry.
Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE): an experiment
in which a comprehensive, integrated observing system would be estab-
lished and held in place for several years and the data assimilated into
state-of-the art models of the global ocean circulation in near real-time.
For additional information, see http://www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/ocean/GODAE.
Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC): one of the 9 core projects
of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The aim of
GLOBEC is to advance understanding of the structure and functioning of
the global ocean ecosystem, its major subsystems, and its response to
physical forcing.
Global Ocean Observing System (COOS): a system to implement opera-
tional observation programs for the oceans and coastal areas. It is spon-
sored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of
UNESCO, the International Council for Science (ICSU), the United Na-
tions Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), with its GOOS Project Office at IOC in Paris. For
additional information, see http://ioc.unesco.org/igospartners/g30s.htm#
Global%200cean %200bserving.
Hydrophone: an instrument for listening to sound transmitted through
water.
International Ocean Network (ION): a committee established in tune
1993 with the goal of facilitating international cooperation in the develop-
ment of ocean-bottom observatories.
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202
in situ: Latin, the natural or original position or place.
APPEND/X B
Interface: the place at which independent and often unrelated systems
meet and act on or communicate with each other.
The lASON Project: a real-time multi-disciplinary education program,
started by Robert Ballard in 1989 and administered by the lASON Foun-
dation for Education, that uses multi-media tools (online chats with re-
searchers, online journals, digital labs, live broadcasts from scientific ex-
peditions, etc.) to educate students and enhance the classroom experience.
Jason II: a remotely operated vehicle (ROY) put into service in 2002,
designed and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Jason II operates at depths up to 6,500 meters and can install, service,
repair and recover a variety of ocean observatory equipment, as well as
perform its own detailed survey and sampling tasks (see Figure 5.3~.
lavaTM: a programming language developed by SUN to run codes in hard-
ware independent environments. For additional information, see http://
java.sun.com/.
JAXR (The Java API for XML Registries): enables Java software pro-
grammers to use a single set of APIs (application programming inter-
faces) to access a variety of XML registries. In this context, an XML regis-
try is an enabling infrastructure for building, deploying, and discovering
web services. For additional information, see XML in this glossary.
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study SPOOFS): an international and multi-
disciplinary program to assess and better understand the processes con-
trolling regional-to-global and seasonal-to-interannual fluxes of carbon
between the atmosphere, surface ocean, and ocean interior, and their sen-
sitivity to climate changes.
Lagrangian: in this context, a buoy or instrument not fixed in one place.
Level 0: a primary raw data stream collected directly from the instru-
ment.
Level 1: raw data corrected from instrumental error to which calibration
factors have been applied.
Level 2: raw data converted to geophysical units, that have had QC checks
applied to measurements. In other words, formatted data with metadata.
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APPENDIX B
203
Level 3: a derived or calculated data product that applies statistical meth-
ods to one or more measured data (Level 2) used as input.
Level 4: further processing based on the Level 2 and/or Level 3 data that
merges datasets of different types.
MARGINS: a program that seeks to understand the complex interplay of
processes that govern continental margin evolution.
Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS): a cabled observatory
to be located in Monterey Bay recently funded by the NSF. It proposed a
testbed for a high power, high bandwidth, regional cabled observatory.
For additional information, see http://www.mbari.org/mars.
Mooring: a device (e.g., a line or chain) by which an object is secured in
place.
National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP): established in
1997 through Public Law 104-201 to promote an improved knowledge of
the ocean and to coordinate and strengthen oceanographic efforts by
building partnerships among federal agencies, academia, industry, and
other members of the oceanographic community. Sponsored by the Navy,
the NSF, NOAA, NASA, and the Alfred Sloan Foundation. For additional
information, see http://www.nopp.org.
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP): an international partnership of scientists
and research institutions organized to explore the evolution and structure
of Earth. For additional information, see http://www.oceandrilling.org.
Ocean Observing System Development Panel (OOSDP): a panel estab-
lished in 1990 to formulate a conceptual design of a long-term, systematic
observing system to monitor, describe, and understand the physical and
biogeochemical processes that determine ocean circulation and the effects
of the ocean on seasonal to decadal climate changes as well as to provide
the observations needed for climate predictions.
Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC): a panel established in
1995 to develop the scientific basis for an ocean observing system for
climate. For additional information, see http://ioc.unesco.org/ooyc/about.
html.
Ocean Seismic Network (OSN): a Joint Oceanographic Institutions' pro-
gram responsible for coordinating ongoing efforts to develop a global
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204
APPENDIX B
network of permanent seismic observatories on the deep ocean floor as
part of the planned Global Seismic Network.
Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO): an organiza-
tion that aims to bring together major oceanographic institutions under a
single umbrella.
Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA): a proj-
ect that proposes to deploy and maintain, between 1997 and 2000, an
array of 12 buoys with the principal objective of describing and under-
standing the evolution of sea surface temperature, upper ocean thermal
structure and air-sea fluxes of momentum, heat and fresh water in the
tropical Atlantic. For additional information, see http://www.ifremer.fr/or
stom/pirata/pirataus. html.
Pioneer Array: a proposed relocatable observatory system for coastal re-
search.
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV): an undersea vehicle operated from
and tethered to an above water platform.
Ridge 2000: an interdisciplinary initiative to study oceanic spreading ridge
systems as an integrated whole. It is a follow-on program of the RIDGE
program. Ridge 2000 is not an acronym. Ridge 2000 is sponsored by the
NSF. For additional information, see http://ridge2000.bio.psu.edu.
Spar Buoy: a buoy with a long straight hull.
Telemetry: a highly automated communications process by which mea-
surements are made and other data collected at remote or inaccessible
points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring, display,
and recording.
TPC-1: the first U.S.-lapanese trans-ocean telecommunications cable in
the Pacific (now retired). Also see GeO-TOC.
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS): an
organization of 63 academic institutions and National Laboratories in-
volved in oceanographic research joined for the purpose of coordinating
oceanographic ships' schedules and research facilities. For additional in-
formation, see http://www.unols.org/unols.html.
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APPENDIX B
205
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals): small, software-driven earth
receiving stations (typically 0.9-2.4 meters, or 3-8 feet, though larger units
are available) used for the reliable transmission of data, video, or voice
via satellite.
XML (Extensible Markup Language): the universal format for data on
the Web. XML allows developers to easily describe and deliver rich, struc-
tured data from any application in a standard, consistent way. XML does
not replace HTML, rather, it is a complementary format.
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE): a program designed to
improve the ocean models necessary for predicting decadal climate vari-
ability and change.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
ocean observing
