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E
Results from Breakout Sessions
A key component of the Workshop on Energy and Transportation was the
breakout sessions that allowed for individual input by Workshop participants on
questions and issues brought up during the presentations and discussions. Each
color-coded breakout group (red, blue, green, and yellow) was assigned the same
set of questions as the basis for discussions. The answers to these questions
became the basis for the data generated in the breakout sessions. After generating
a large amount of suggestions and comments, the breakout groups attempted to
organize and consolidate this information, sometimes voting to determine which
topics the group decided were most important. After each breakout session, each
group reported the results of its discussion to the entire workshop.
The workshop committee has attempted in this report to integrate the infor-
mation gathered in the breakout sessions and to use it as the basis for the findings
contained herein.
Red Team Challenges
Challenges
Hydrogen storage
Direct conversion of methane
Hydrogen from thermochemical sources (hydrogen without carbon emission)
Low-energy selective separation
Carbon dioxide management
High-power-density energy conversion devices
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APPENDIX E
Enabling Techniques
Low-cost catalysts
Interface thermodynamics and kinetics
Advanced membranes for gas separation
Artificial photosynthesis
Designer fuels
Thin-film electrolytes
Computation
Detection
Sensors
Blue Team Challenges
Catalysis (enabling science)
Catalysis by design
Catalysis for fuel cells
Efficient carbon dioxide reduction to fuels
Direct conversion of Methane
Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemical Cells and Energy Storage
High efficiency
· Low cost
· Storage
Separation Technology the science behind
· High temperature polymeric membranes for fuel cells
· Selective separation propane/propylene
Conversion of Hydrocarbons to Oxygenated Fuels
· The fundamentals
Tie between:
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Hydrogen Storage at Ambient Conditions
Fundamentals-Based Computer Modeling of Reactions and Processing
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Better Processes
Define Objective in Energy and Transportation
Quantities of energy saved
Renewables introduced
Carbon dioxide & environmental effects
Future needs of power
Chemical Sciences Contributions to Above
Green Team Challenges
Predictable Chemical Catalysis (e.g., nonprecious metals)
Cheap Renewable Energy
.
· Solar electricity
Hydrogen-2
· "Artificial photosynthesis"
In situ diagnostics for sensing and control on all timescales
Predictable Materials Design
Low temperature ion conductors
Mesoscale
Interfaces and surfaces
Noncorroding materials
Complete Elaboration of Carbon dioxide Chemistry
· Low-cost carbon sequestration
· Carbon dioxide activation
APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E
Yellow Team Challenges
107
Energy and Transportation that are Safe, Affordable, and Desirable (lean,
green, and keen)
More efficient and selective chemical conversion
Transportation without harmful emissions
Gas-to-liquid technology
· Cheap H2
· "Smart" highways supplying energy
· Energy management in vehicles
· Energy storage
Development of Energy Systems that Are Secure and Sustainable
Emissions management eliminate nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide
Solving the greenhouse problem
Managing nuclear waste
Low-energy water purification
Fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide: artificial photosynthesis
Selective and energy-efficient chemical separations
Predictive Synthesis of Materials with Desired Properties and
Functionality
.
· Cost-competitive materials for solar power
· Cost-competitive materials for fuel cells
· Cheap, durable, room-temperature superconductors
· Cost-effective high-performance materials composites, light alloys, etc.
Thermoelectrics with high ZT
· Molecular understanding of energy and molecular conversion
Yellow Team Interfaces
Fuel Cells (P.E.M.)
Electrocatalysis (O2 reduction)
· Bipolar plate design
· Enhanced electrode interface
· Fuel cell membranes
H2 Storage
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Carbon Dioxide Management
Water Purification/Selective Separations
Lean-Burn Emissions
Lightweight Materials
Sensor
APPENDIX E
Biocatalysis/Genetic Engineering (Hydrogen-2 production, ethanol, Sulphur-
removal)
Ceramic Membranes/Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Photovoltaics
Nuclear Life Cycle/Reactor Engineering
Green Team Interfaces
Divided by Grand Challenges (bullets in order of votes)
Predictable Catalysis
Nano-microfabrication (physics, materials science interface with the chemical
sciences)
Structure/property relationships (physics, materials science)
Biodirected/biocatalyzed synthesis (biology)
Cheap Renewable Energy: Photovoltaics, H2, Artificial Photosynthesis
Hydrogen-2 storage (mechanical engineering, materials science)
Charge transport/optical properties, photophysics (electrical engineering,
physics, materials science)
Design of biomaterials/biomass (biology)
Understanding big-energy transduction (biology)
Bacterial production of Hydrogen-2 (biology)
Heavy metals management (ecology)
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APPENDIX E
In situ Sensing and Control
109
Analytical, optical, spectroscopic, solid-state sensors (electrical engineering,
physics)
Biosensors (biology, electrical engineering)
Predictable Materials Design
· Life-cycle assessment (ecology, material science)
· Multiscale modeling: molecular, nanoscale, mesoscale (physics, materials
science, computer science, mathematics)
· Biodirected synthesis/self-assembly (biology, physics, materials science)
· Surface science: morphology, beam technology (physics, materials science)
Complete Elaboration of Carbon Dioxide Chemistry
Carbon-cycle analysis (climatology, oceanography, geology)
Sequestration (geology, climatology)
Life-cycle analysis (ecology)
Design of biomass (biology)
Red Team Interfaces
Comprehensive and Integrated Approach
Interact with all Interfaces in Early Stages of Research Planning
Understand Entire Interface for Full Impact
Look Out for Unintended Consequences
Materials Science (Really Is Chemistry)
Thermochemical production requires new materials
H2 storage requires new materials (ambient/solid)
Mesoscale structure and behavior
Predictable performance
New electrolytes
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Information Technologies
Modeling, analysis, complexity
Data: storage, visualization, mining, fusion
Collaborative tools/capabilities
Mathematics of sensor arrays
Signals and signal processing
Biomimetic Processes and Synthesis
Direct conversion of methane
Low temperature catalysis
Efficiency and selectivity
Physics
Solid-state devices
· Electrooptical
· Sensors
Mechanical Engineering
Thermal and mechanical packaging
Efficient energy-to-work conversion
Fuel cell and battery packaging
External
Social, political, and economics sciences
Model science and social and economic factors
Public perception and acceptance
Consider multidimensional impacts
Environment and health
Predictive toxicology
APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E
Team Blue Interfaces
Solid-State Physics
Semiconductors
Sensors
Transport and storage of H2
Catalysis
Computational Sciences
111
· Catalysis by design (e.g., single-site catalysis for polyolefin polymerization)
Materials
Nanostructures
· Separations
· Hydrogen storage
· Photovoltaics
Biomimetics
Catalysis
Energy conversion
Biosensors
Representative terms from entire chapter:
team challenges
