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OCR for page 124
PLATE ] It is projected that by 2025 some 3 billion people will live in countries that
have less than 1~700 cubic meters per capita per year the quantity below which humans
suffer from 'water stress"—and that number is expected to increase further by 2050.
The figure shows global water stress distribution in 2050' under a business-as-usual
scenario developed for the WaterGAP model of the Centre for Environmental Systems
Research at the University of Kassel. SOURCE: Aleamo, Henrichs, Roeseh: "World
Water in 2025", Kassel ~ I 999),
~http://www.worldene'gy.org/wee-geis/pub]ications/reports/liow/stresses/water.asp].
OCR for page 125
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PLATE 2 Top: Countries that are conducting weather modification programs. Complied
with information frown WMO (1999) by R. Bruintjes. Bottom: States in the United States
where weather modification programs currently are ongoing. SOURCE: Compiled from
NOAA data by R. Bruintjes.
OCR for page 126
SA Randomized Experiment
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PLATE 3 Results from the South African (SA) alla Mexican hygloscopic flare seeding
experiments. The first (25 percent, Q1)~ second (50 percent or median' Q2), and third
(75 percent, Q3) quartiles show radar-estimated rain mass (ktons) of the randomized
seeded storms (blue line) and unseeded storms (red line) as a iitnction of time Tom the
randomized decision to seed or not. The time frame is divided into 1 0-minute intervals
and is based upon the randomized seeding decision (0), ranging from 10 minutes prior (-
10) to 50 minutes afterward (+503. SOURCE: Compiled by R Bruintjes, National
Center for Atmospheric Research.
OCR for page 127
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PLATE 4 This stools stack of a mining complex in Manitoba, Canada, causes the
pollution track originating at the white asterisk. Satellite remote sensing image of yellow
pollution tracks in the clouds, due to reduced droplets size. SOURCE: Photo provided by
W. L. Woodley, Woodley Weather Consultants. Image adapted from Rosenfeld (2000~.
OCR for page 128
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PLATE 5 Satellite-~etrieved effective droplet (reef-) radius near cloud top for polluted
cases (solid lines) and corresponding pristine locations (broken lines). This suggests
substantial alteration of cloud properties lay anthropogenic influences in ways that might
inhibit precipitation. SOURCE: Ramanatl~an et al. (200 l ).
OCR for page 129
PLATE 6 Polarmetric radar observations of a mature thunderstorm. The data are from
an RHI scan through a Kansas storm by NCAR's S-Pol research radar. (a) Reflectivity
vs. ZDR for regions of liquid drops and hail. (b) Regions denoting ]5 different
hydrometer classes in color code. (c) Two-dimensional membership function in
ZHH/KDP space. SOURCE: Vivekar~andan et al. (19991.
OCR for page 130
Representative terms from entire chapter:
droplets size
HORNETS cloud radar
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PLATE 8 Top: Example of TITAN Storm Tracking Bottom: Example of the use of
GPS aircraft tracking. SOURCE: T. W. Krauss' Weather Modification Inc.
