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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10829.
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REFERENCES 77 Bryan, G 1-T, J C Wyngaard, and J M. F'itsch. 2003. Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep soloist convection. fiord. Weather Rev. 13 1~10~:2394-2416. Byers, H. R. 1974. History of weather modification. In TLea~he'~ and Climate Modification, ed W. N. Hess. New York: Wiley. Changnon' Jr., S. A? R. G. Semoni~ A H. Auer, R. R. graham, Jr.~ and J. M. Hales. 1981. METRO MEX: A review and summary. ~7kIeteorol. :A/Ionogr. 18~40~:181 pp. Cl~angnon7 S. A. 1998. In Natural Hazards of North An~e~~ica, National Geographic Maps. Washington, Dog.: National Geographic Society. Cotton, W. R. 1972. Numerical simulation of precipitation development in supercooled cumuli. Paint II. Avon. [Veather Rev. 1 1 :764-84. Cotton, W. R. 1982. Modification of precipitation from warm clouds A review. Bull. Am. Me~eo'~ol. Soc 63: 146-60. Cotton, W. R., and R. A. Anthes. 1989. Storm arid Cloud Dynamics. San Diego, Caliph: Academic Press Cotton, W. R., and R. A. P~elke. 1995. Human Impacts on Weather and Climate. Cambridge, Mass.: University of Cambridge Press. DeMa~ia, M, and J M Gross 2002 Evolution of prediction models In Ha''ricc~ne! Coping with Disaster, eds R. H. Simpson R. Anthes, and M. Garstang, chapter 4. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union Press. Dennis, A S 1980. sheather Modification by Cloud Seeding. New York: Academic Press Deshler, T. D W Reynolds, and A W Muggins. 1990. Physical response of winter orographic clouds over the Sierra Nevada to airborne seeding using dry ice or silver iodide. J. Appl. A1eteorol. 29:288-330. Dixon, M., and G Wiener. 1993. TITAN: Thunderstorm identification' tracking, analysis and nowcasting A radar-based methodology. J. Al imos. Oceanic Tech7~01. 1 0 :785- 97. Eklund, D. L., D. S. Jawa, and T. K. Rajala. 1999. Evaluation of the western Kansas weather modification program. J. breather :LIodif: 3 1 :91-101. Elliott, R. D. 1974. Experience of the private sector. In TEeather and Climate Modification, ed. W. N. Hess. New Yorl~: Wiley. Emanuel, K. 1999. Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity. Nature 401 :665-69. Emanuel, K. 2002. A century of scientific progress: An evaluation. In Hurricane! Coping Faith Disaster, eds. R. H. Simpson, R. Anthes, and M. Garstang, eds. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union Press. Farley' R. D., and C. S. Chen. 1975. A detailed microphysical simulation of hydroscopic seeding on the warm process. .J. Appl. Meieorol. 14:718-33. Feingold, G., W. R. Cotton, S. M. Kreidenweis, and J. T. Davis. 1999: The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: Implications for cloud radiative properties. J. Atmos. Sci. 56:4100-17. Findeiser~, W. 193 8. Die kolloid~neteorologischen Vorgange bri der Niederschlagsbildung. Mel;eorol. Z. 55: 121-33.

78 CRITIC,4 L I`SSI.JES IN IDEA TITER AfODIFICA FION RESEARCI! Fisher? R A 1958 Statistical Methods for Research Workers, lath ed. lPp.99. I1afi~er: New York. Fjortoft, R. 1953. On the changes in the spectral distribution of kinetic energy for two- di~nensional nondivergent flow. Tellus. 5:225-230. Fleishauer? R. P., V. E. Larson, and T. H. yonder Uaar. 2002. Observed microphysical structure of midlevel7 mixed-phase clouds. J. Ratios. Sci. 59:1779-1804. Flueck, J. A. 1971. Statistical analysis oftl~e ground level precipitation data. Part V: Final report of Project Whitet-op. Cloud Physics Laboratory, University of Chicago. Foote, G. B. l 985. Aspects of cumulonimbus classification relevant to the hail problem. J. Rech. Atn~os. 19:61-74. Foote, G. B. and C. A. Knight' eds. 1977. Hail: A review of hail science and hail suppression. Meteorol. Mf~nf9~' . 3 8 :277. Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider. 1995. Measurements of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with Ka-band Doppler radar and microwave radiometer. J. Ethos. Sci. 52:2788-99. Fuguay, D. M., A. R. Taylor, R. G. Howe, and C. W. Schmid, Jr. 1972. Lightning discharges that caused forest fires. J. Geophys. Res. 77:2156-58. Fukuta N., and T. Takahashi. 1999. The growth of atmospheric ice crystals: A summary of findings in vertical supercooled cloud tunnel studies. J. Atn'a.s. Sci. 56(l24:l963- 79. Gabriel, K. R. 1979. Comment on field experimentation in weather modification by R. R. graham, Jr. J. Am. Stat. ,4ssoc. 74~3654:61-84. Gabrie], R. K., and D. Rosenfeld. 1990. The second Israeli rainfall stimulation experiment: Analysis of precipitation on both targets. J. Appl. ~Meteorol. 29:1055- 67. Gagin, A. and J. Neumann. ]974. Rain stimulation and cloud physics in Israel. In Weather arid Climate Modification, ed. W. N. Hess. New Yolk: Wiley. Gaging A., D. Rosenftld, W. L. Woodley, and R. E. Lopez. 1986. Results of seeding for dynamic effects on rain-cell properties in FACE-2. J. Clim. ~4ppl. Meteorol. 25:3- 13. Gerber, H., B. G. Arends, and A. S. Aclcerman. 1994. New microphysics sensor for aircraft use. 'chinos. Res. 3 1 (41:23 5-52. Grant, L. 0 ? and P. W. Mielke? Jr. 1967. Cloud seeding experiment at Climax, Colorado. 1 960-65. In Proceedings of tile fifth Berkeley; Symposium on ~Iathen~c~tic Cal Stafislics and Probability, vol. 5, pp. 115-31. Berkeley: University of California Press. Griffith, D. l 991 . The Utah operational cloud seeding program. .J. Weather Alodif 23:27- 34. Goon, R.,and B. B. Phillips. 1957. An experimental investigation of the effect of air pollution on the initiation of rain. J. Meteorol. 14:272-80. Hallet, J., and S. C. Mossop. 1974. Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature 104:26-28.

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The weather on planet Earth is a vital and sometimes fatal force in human affairs. Efforts to control or reduce the harmful impacts of weather go back far in time. In this, the latest National Academies’ assessment of weather modification, the committee was asked to assess the ability of current and proposed weather modification capabilities to provide beneficial impacts on water resource management and weather hazard mitigation. It examines new technologies, reviews advances in numerical modeling on the cloud and mesoscale, and considers how improvements in computer capabilities might be applied to weather modification. Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research examines the status of the science underlying weather modification in the United States. It calls for a coordinated national research program to answer fundamental questions about basic atmospheric processes and to address other issues that are impeding progress in weather modification.

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