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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes: Interim Report on Current Regulations, Inventories, and Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10835.
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Page 46
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2003. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes: Interim Report on Current Regulations, Inventories, and Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10835.
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Page 47

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References CID (Central Internet Database). 2003. A database that describes Department of Energy waste and site cleanup programs. Available at: <http://cid.em.cloe.gov>. Cvetkovich, George, Michael Siegrist, Rachel Murray, and Sarah Tragesser. 2002. "New Information and Social Trust: Asymmetry ant! Perseverance of Attributions about Hazarc! Managers." Risk Analysis 22:359-367. DOE (Department of Energy).1993. Earning Public Trust and Confidence: Requisites for Managing Radioactive Wastes. Final Report of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Task Force on Radioactive Waste Management. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. November. DOE. 1996. Closing the Circle on the Splitting ofthe Atom: The Environmental Legacy of Nuclear Weapons Production in the United States and What the Department of Energy Is Doing About It. DOE/EM-0266. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. DOE. 1997. Integrated Data Base Report 1996: U.S. Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Inventories, Projections, and Characteristics. DOE/RW-0006, Rev. 13. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. December. DOE. 2001. Summary Data on the Radioactive Waste, Spent Nuclear Fuel, and Contaminatecl Media Managed by the U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. DOE. 2002. The Cost of Waste Disposal: Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Disposal of Department of Energy Low-Leve! Radioactive Waste at Federal and Commercial Facilities. Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. July. DOE. 2003. United States of America National Report: loins Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management ant! on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. DOE/EM-0654. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. May. DunIap, Riley E., Michael E. Kraft, ant! Eugene A. Rosa, (eds.~. 1993. Public Reactions to Nuclear Waste: Citizens' Views of Repository Siting. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1999. Low-Level Raclioactive Wastes: States are not developing disposal facilities. GAO/RCED-99-238. Washington, D.C.: GAO. GAO. 2000. Low-Level Radioactive Wastes: Department of Energy Has Opportunities to Reduce Disposal Costs. GAO/RCED-00-64. Washington, D.C.: GAO. HPS (Health Physics Society). 2002. State and Federal Action is Needed for Better Control of Orphan Sources. A position statement of the Health Physics Society. Available at <http://www.hps.org>. IAEA international Atomic Energy Agency). 2001. Cocle of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources. L\EA/CODEOC/2001. Vienna, Austria: IAEA. 46

MacGregor, D.G., Flynn, J., SIovic, P. and Mertz, C.K. (2002~. Perception of Radiation Exposure, Part 1: Perception of Risk and Judgment of Harm. A report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Low Dose Racliation Research Program. Eugene, Oregon: Decision Research. MIMS (Manifest Information Management System). 2003. A database of low-level waste shipments to commercial disposal facilities. Available at <http://mims.apps.em.doe.gov>. Mohanty, Sitakanta and Bubhi Sagar. 2002. Importance of Transparency and Traceability in BuiTcling a Safety Case for High-Level Nuclear Waste Repositories. Risk Analysis 22:7-16. NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement). 2002. Risk-Based Classification of Radioactive and Hazardous Chemical Wastes. NCRP Report No. ~39. Bethesda, Maryland: NCRP. NRC (National Research Councils. 1986. Scientific Basis for Risk Assessment and Management of Uranium Mill Tailings. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. ~ 990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. ~ 996. Review of New York State Low-Leve] Radioactive Waste Siting Process. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. ~ 998. A Review of Decontamination and Decommissioning Technology Development Programs at the Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. ~ 999a. Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Raclioactive Materials. Washington, D.C.: National Acaclemy Press. NRC. l999b. The State of Development of Waste forms for Mixed Wastes. Washington, D.C.. National Academy Press. . NRC. 2001 a. Disposition of High-Leve! Waste ant! Spent Nuclear Fuel: The Continuing Societal and Technical Challenges. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001b. Improving the Operations and Long-Term Safety of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002a. The Disposition Dilemma: Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002b. Characterization of Remote-Hancilect Transuranic Waste for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002c. Research Opportunities for Managing the Department of Energy's Transuranic and Mixed Wastes. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2003. One Step at a Time: The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High- Leve] Radioactive Waste. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Parrington, I., H.D. Knox, S.L. Breneman, E.M. Baum, and F. Feiner. 1996. NucTides and Isotopes. ~ 5th Ed. San lose, California: General Electric Co. and ~PL, Inc. Rosa, Eugene A. and Donald L. Clark, Ir. 1999. Historical Roots toTechnological Gridlock: Nuclear Technology as Prototypical Vehicle. Research in Social Problems ant! Public Policy 7:21-57. SIovic, Paul. 1993. Perceived Risk, Trust, and Democracy. Risk Analysis 13:675-682. St. Onge, R. 2003. Operating and Decommissioning LLRW: Power Generators' Perspective. Presented at the 18~ Annual International Radioactive Exchange LLRW Decosionmakers' forum and Technical Symposium. Park City, Utah. June 17-20. Turner, R. 2003. The Metal Industry's View on Unrestricted and/or Limited Metal Recycle/Release into the Commercial Market. Presented at the 1 8th Annual International Radioactive Exchange LLRW Decosionmakers' forum and Technical Symposium. Park City, Utah. June 17-20. USNRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission).2002. Radioactive Waste: Production, Storage, Disposal. NUREG/BR-0216, Rev. 2. Washington, D.C: Of floe of Public Affairs. May Interim Report 47

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Low-activity radioactive wastes include a broad spectrum of materials for which a regulatory patchwork has evolved over almost 60 years. These wastes present less of a radiation hazard than either spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste. Low-activity wastes, however, may produce potential radiation exposure at well above background levels and if not properly controlled may represent a significant chronic (and, in some cases, an acute) hazard. For some low-activity wastes the present system of controls may be overly restrictive, but it may result in the neglect of others that pose an equal or higher risk.

The purpose of this interim report is to provide an overview of current low-activity waste regulations and management practices. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes: Interim Report on Current Regulations, Inventories, and Practices identifies gaps and inconsistencies that suggest areas for improvements. The final report will assess options for improving the current practices and provide recommendations.

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