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OCR for page 9
1
Introduction
' n lanuary 2002, a committee of the National Research Council (NRC)
convened a workshop to formulate a research agenda for addressing
~ the continuing problem of violence against women. The findings and
recommendations emerging from the workshop are presented in this
report.
CONTEXT
Violence against women is a long-standing social problem in the
United States and throughout the world. A recent survey on the preva-
lence and incidence of violence against women in the United States re-
vealed that one in every six women has experienced an attempted or com-
pleted rape as a child and/or adult. Each year more than 300,000 women
are forcibly raped, and more than 4 million suffer an aggravated or simple
assault (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000~. The Bureau of Justice Statistics re-
ports that between 1976 and 1999, murders of women accounted for 24
percent of total homicides in the United States. Approximately one-third
of these victims were killed by a spouse, boyfriend, or other family mem-
ber. Moreover, while homicides declined during the 1990s for both men
and women, the decline in intimate-partner homicides was greater for
male than for female victims (Fox and Zawitz, 2002~.
The importance of the problem of violence against women was ac-
knowledged by Congress with the passage of the Violence Against
Women Act of 1994. The act included a mandate that the National Insti-
tute of Justice (NIT) task the NRC with developing a research agenda to
9
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10
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
increase understanding and control of violence against women. In 1996,
the NRC published the results of that study in Understanding Violence
Against Women. The NRC report draws attention to the importance of
building knowledge about violence against women and its prevention to
support and inform national (and international) efforts to create a safer
society for women and girls. It identifies a framework for conducting re-
search in three areas: improving research methods, building knowledge
about violence against women, and preventing violence against women.
It also calls for developing a new federal infrastructure for conducting
research on this important topic. In 1998, Congress provided new funds
to NIT for the implementation of some of these research recommenda-
tions. In addition to creating a program of studies under the NRC frame-
work, NIT, in partnership with the Office of Justice Programs' (olP) Vio-
lence Against Women Office, initiated a significant program for evaluating
criminal justice responses to violence against women. Box 1-1 summa-
rizes activities and research conducted by olP and NIT under the Violence
Against Women Act; Table 1-1, which appears at the end of the chapter,
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INTRODUCTION
11
presents NIT-funded research projects in this area up to the end of 2000,
organized under each of the major research recommendations of the NRC
report (Note: the table does not include research funded by other govern-
ment agencies in response to the recommendations in Understanding Vio-
lence Against Women).
One emphasis of the framework set forth in Understanding Violence
Against Women is the need to improve research methods. The report calls
for the use of clearly defined terms, particularly when delineating ex-
pected outcomes in evaluation studies, and for the development and vali-
dation of operational definitions and tools for measuring violence against
women. NIT has funded a handful of studies that evaluate measurement
instruments (see Table 1-1), and also sponsored a workshop on measure-
ment on November 20, 2000. To date, however, studies have not specifi-
cally addressed problems of definition as a main goal.
The report also recommends that national and community-level sur-
veys include information on behavior, injuries, and other consequences of
violence in measurements of the incidence and prevalence of violence
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2
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
against women. It calls for more research on the social, cultural, and indi-
vidual context and experience of violence in women's lives and on the
results of this violence, including intergenerational consequences and
costs to society. In addition, the report stresses the need for longitudinal
studies tracing the developmental trajectory of violence against women
and other violent behaviors.
In response to these recommendations, NIT has funded many studies
to examine the context of violence against women, particularly studies
examining economic distress, race/ethnicity, and alcohol and drug abuse.
No new longitudinal studies on this topic have been undertaken in the
United States, however. The Dunedin Health and Development study
(Moffitt et al., 2001) in New Zealand is an example of a population-based
longitudinal study that has provided useful information about violence
against women. Moreover, although support has been provided for se-
lected studies on the consequences of violence against women, the need
remains to measure the causes and consequences of violence against
women in national and community surveys.
To build knowledge about preventing violence against women, the
NRC report recommends that evaluation studies of prevention programs
describe current services for victims and measure both short- and long-
term effects of those services. It also recommends randomized, controlled
outcome studies of legal and social service interventions with offenders,
studies on the service-seeking behavior of victims, and studies on the use
of discretion by officials in the criminal and civil justice systems. Although
NIT has funded many evaluation studies, evaluations of primary preven-
tion programs particularly educational programs using experimental
methods are still needed to measure long-term effects, as well as effects
on the rate of new cases of violence against women. Similarly, few out-
come studies of offender treatment use rigorous designs or measure long-
term effects. There is also limited research on the effects of legal reforms
on rates of reporting, arrests, and conviction, and little or no research on
more recent legislative changes, such as sex offender notification laws,
sexually violent predator laws, and laws criminalizing the use of "date
rape drugs." NIT has funded a few studies addressing service-seeking be-
havior, with a focus on minority women; police officer perceptions of do-
mestic violence; and judicial and prosecutorial decisions regarding do-
mestic and sexual violence cases (see Table 1-1~.
WORKSHOP ON ISSUES IN RESEARCH ON
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Given the continuing nature of the problem of violence against
women and the persisting gaps in research on the problem and its control,
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INTRODUCTION
13
Congress in 2000 asked the NRC to develop a detailed research agenda
based on the recommendations of Understanding Violence Against Women.
To address this new mandate, the NRC appointed a steering committee of
four distinguished scholars and issued the following charge:
A sub-committee of the Committee on Law and Justice will organize a
workshop, bringing together researchers from various disciplines, in-
cluding psychology, sociology, criminology, public health, statistics, epi-
demiology, and law, and policy officials from the Department of Justice
and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among the social
scientists will be those who have studied the victimization and perpetra-
tion of violence against women. This workshop will build upon the
groundwork laid by the NRC Panel on Research on Violence Against
Women, determining what progress has been made since the panel's re-
port and what work still needs to be done, and recommending a new
research agenda based on those determinations.
The presentations and discussions at the workshop will focus on the
following issues:
· Trends and patterns of victimization
· Violence across the life course
· Spatial distributions of violence against women
· Situational determinants of violence against women
· Testing deterrence models
· Assessment and development of primary prevention
· Motivations of offenders, and implications for treatment
Background papers will be commissioned and will be circulated be-
fore the workshop, where short presentations will lead to detailed dis-
cussions of the major areas to be explored. After the workshop, the sub-
committee will meet to discuss the outcomes and reach consensus on
recommendations. A summary of the meeting and the subcommittee's
recommendations of steps to fill in research gaps will be prepared and
submitted to the sponsor and other participants and interested parties.
In January 2002, with funds from NIT, the steering committee, under
the auspices of the NRC's Committee on Law and Justice, convened the
Workshop on Issues in Research on Violence Against Women. The pur-
pose of the workshop was to review the knowledge base that has emerged
in this area since the publication of Understanding Violence Against
Women focusing particularly, but not exclusively, on studies completed
between 1995 and 2000 and identify further research needs.
The steering committee commissioned eight papers by prominent re-
searchers, identified scholars to serve as formal commentators, and in-
vited a group of distinguished researchers and practitioners to participate
in the 2-day workshop. The papers summarized important domains of
research on violence against women, including prevalence and incidence,
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4
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
data sources, prevention and deterrence, and treatment for offenders (see
Appendix C for a list of the commissioned papers). Following presenta-
tion of the papers, workshop participants discussed research gaps and
suggested new efforts to meet research needs, especially to inform pre-
vention strategies and assess intervention efforts. In general, this report is
a synthesis of the presentations and the expertise of participants. The com-
mittee notes that a number of studies published between 1995 and 2000
were not covered by workshop papers or discussion. References for some
of these studies are provided in an addendum to the reference list for the
reader's information.
KEY THEMES
Before proceeding, we wish to emphasize an important theme that
emerged from the committee's deliberations on the workshop papers and
discussion. Because so little research on violence against women was con-
ducted in the past, most such research has been conducted in isolation
from the larger body of work on violence in general (including research
such as that on violence by men, on violence by adolescents, and on crimi-
nal careers). This intellectual separation of research on violence against
women also stems from the premise that distinctive features of the social
and political context of such violence, particularly the context of intimate
relationships, set it apart from other forms of violence. That is, women's
greater exposure and vulnerability to attacks by intimates and greater
probability of being injured in such attacks make violence against women
distinctive. This distinction is an important one: female murder victims
are eight times more likely to be killed by an intimate than are male mur-
der victims, and women are the primary victims of stalking (Tjaden and
Thoennes, 2000; Rennison, 2003~.
The steering committee is nevertheless troubled by the almost total
separation that has characterized this field. While there is dissimilarity in
the contexts and outcomes of victimization for women and men, the com-
mittee questions whether behavioral patterns or causes of violent behav-
ior are different enough to warrant this degree of separation. At this point
in its development, a greater degree of integration of research on violence
against and by women with the larger literature on crime and violence
would enrich the former research intellectually and extend the lessons
that can be learned about violence against women. Findings from research
on violence against women could in turn be used to inform research on
other types of violence. For example, in their analysis focusing on family
homicide, Petrie and Garner (1990) identify characteristics that may help
predict homicide and possibly other kinds of violence.
This conclusion is based on the observation that a substantial propor-
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INTRODUCTION
15
lion of that violence occurs outside of intimate relationships. For example,
the National Crime Victimization Survey found that approximately 38
percent of nonfatal violent crimes against women in 1994 were committed
by a stranger (Craven, 1997~. In 2000, the same survey again found that
about one-third of all female victims of violent crime and one-third of
rape and sexual assault victims described the offender as a stranger
(Rennison, 2001~.
At this point, we have no evidence that a separate theory is needed to
explain violence by intimates and no reason to expect that the closeness
(or distance) of the relationship between victim and offender sets the con-
ditions for theoretical predictions of violent offending. For example,
Holtzworth-Munroe and Meehan (2002) describe a batterer typology (see
Chapter 5) that uses the broader literature on delinquency and violent
behavior to show that batterers can be classified according to generality of
violence (i.e., marital only or extrafamilial). This typology includes a sub-
type of generally violent/antisocial batterers whose marital violence is
conceptualized as part of their general use of aggression and engagement
in antisocial behavior. Moreover, a growing body of empirical evidence
demonstrates that perpetrators of violence against women commonly
have histories of violence and conduct problems outside of intimate rela-
tionships (Giordano et al., 1999; Capaldi and Clark, 1998; Farrington,
1994~. On the basis of this evidence, Moffitt et al. (2001:175) conclude:
. . . childhood conduct problems, even when measured in the first
decade of life, foretell relationship violence equally well in the adult lives
of both males and females.
The finding that young people who have a history of antisocial con-
duct problems are likely to employ similar aggressive tactics later in their
primary adult relationships suggests the hypothesis that the causes of
conduct disorder may also be at the root causes of partner violence. In-
terventions conceptualized as treatments for conduct problems gain even
more urgency if they are re-conceptualized as primary prevention for
future domestic violence.
It is noteworthy that this conclusion is not limited to male perpetra-
tors. Moffitt et al. (2001) argue convincingly that women perpetrate much
violence in the context of intimate relationships that is not purely defen-
sive, though at much lower rates of frequency and severity than men.
Thus, it is important to expand both theoretical and empirical models to
iFelson (2002) also suggests studying motives for violence against women within a frame-
work of motivations for violence in general.
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16
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
better understand female-perpetrated violence, the contexts in which it
occurs, and its consequences for both victims and offenders.
Discussion in the remaining chapters of this report, then, reflects
the committee's view that, to a somewhat greater extent than is currently
the case, studies of violence against women should draw upon the larger
literature. The theoretical and longitudinal literatures on violent crime
and aggression generally are especially pertinent in this regard for deter-
mining whether new longitudinal studies focused on women's violent
victimization are needed.
Finally, because the majority of extant research on violence against
women addresses intimate-partner violence, much of this report has a
similar focus. The committee notes, however, that over two-thirds of ho-
micides against women take place outside of this context, and that vio-
lence against women is perpetrated by strangers and acquaintances.
Therefore, the committee believes the research agenda of the federal gov-
ernment on violence against women should be expanded to include these
other cases. Further, the exploration of women's violent victimization
during the workshop included their own violent acts. As with violent vic-
timization of women, violence by women may differ from that by men in
important ways, specifically with regard to its context and correlates. As
more than one participant made clear at the workshop, in many cases
violence by women can be understood only in the context of violence com-
mitted against women. It may be useful to consider a framework whereby
these different types of violence in which women play roles, as either of-
fenders or victims, are connected.
REPORT ORGANIZATION
The remainder of this report is divided into six chapters. Chapter 2
reviews the means researchers have available for measuring violence
against women and the knowledge thus obtained. Chapter 3 addresses
the social and geographic factors that determine the social ecological risks
of violence against women. Chapter 4 presents what is known about pre-
vention and deterrence. Chapter 5 examines means for identifying and
treating offenders. Finally, Chapter 6 prioritizes the key points and rec-
ommendations made throughout the report.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 NIr-Funded Research on Violence Against Women, by
Recommendations of NRC Report, 1995-2000
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
17
Method Level Project Goal
Recommendation 1: Researchers and practitioners should more clearly define the terms
used in their work.
Recommendation 2: Research funds should be made available for the development and
validation of scales and other tools for the measurement of violence against women to
make operational key and most used definitions. The development process should
include input from subpopulations with whom the instrument will be used, for
example, people of color or specific ethnic groups.
Campbell, J. C., Risk Factors Analysis of
for Homicide in Violent official
Intimate Relationships records
O'Sullivan, C., Field Testing Evaluation
Domestic Violence Risk
Assessment Instruments:
A Planning Study for an
Experimental Evaluation
Campbell, J. C., Intimate Evaluation:
Risk Violence Assessment interviews,
Instruments: A Prospective analysis of
Validation Field Experiment criminal
records
Cook, S., Investigating the
Roles of Context, Meaning, interview
and Method in the
Measurement of Central
Violence Against Women
Constructs
Multicity
Multicity
Evaluate the Danger
Assessment Instrument;
identify risk factors preceding
intimate-partner homicide.
Evaluate the validity and
reliability of instruments
being used to assess a
domestic abuse victim's level
of risk, with a focus on the
Mosaic-20.
Evaluate the effectiveness of
four extant risk assessment
instruments: Mosaic-20,
Danger Assessment,
Domestic Violence Screening
Instrument, and Kingston-
Screening Instrument for
Domestic Violence.
Review measurement
instruments and research
practices in research on
violence against women;
determine the prevalence of
violence- ag ainst-w omen
constructs, and develop a
new model; explore use of
computer-based data
collection for research on
violence against women in
correctional and health care
settings.
Continued
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18
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level Project Goal
Recommendation 3: National and community-level representative sample survey
studies using the most valid instrumentation and questioning techniques available to
measure incidence and prevalence of violence against women are needed. These
studies should collect data not only on behavior, but also on injuries and other
consequences of violence. Studies of incidence and prevalence of perpetration of
violence against women are also needed. National and community surveys of other
topics, such as women's mental or physical health or social or economic well-being,
should be encouraged to include questions pertaining to violence against women.
Furthermore, identification and secondary analysis of existing datasets with respect to
violence against women should be funded.
Fisher, B., Extent and
Nature of Sexual
Victimization of College
Women
Tjaden, P., Violence and
Threats of Violence Against
Women in America
Weiss, H., A Population-
Based Comparison of
Assaultive Injury Patterns
Among Hospitalized
Pregnant Women
Compared to Women of
Reproductive Age
Survey National
Survey National
Analysis of
. , .
exls~mg
dataset
Fagan, J., and Wilt, S., Social Analysis of
and Neighborhood Risks existing
of Violence Towards dataset
Women: Implications for
Prevention
Wells, W., An Analysis of
Unexamined Issues in the
Intimate-Partner Homicide
Decline: Race, Quality of
Victim Services, Offender
Accountability, and System
Accountability
Measure the prevalence of
sexual victimization.
Multistate
Community
Analysis of
. , .
exls~mg
dataset
State
Measure the prevalence and
incidence of rape, physical
assault, and stalking.
Measure the incidence of
assault among hospitalized
pregnant women; develop a
mechanism to measure the
burden and trends of serious
violence against pregnant
women.
Examine the spatial
distribution of violence
against women in New York
City; estimate risk factors.
Analyze rates of intimate-
partner homicide by race and
gender of victims and
offenders; test how support
services, offender
accountability, and system
accountability affect victim
safety.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
19
Principal Investigator,
Project Title Method Level Project Goal
Salomon, A., Secondary Data Analysis of
Analysis on the Etiology, existing
Course, and Consequences longitudinal
of Intimate-Partner Violence dataset
Against Extremely Poor
Women
Community Measure rates of lifetime
adult-partner violence and
childhood abuse.
Recommendation 4: All research on violence against women should take into account
the context within which women live their lives and in which the violence occurs. This
context should include the broad social and cultural context, as well as individual
factors. Work should include more qualitative research, such as ethnographic research,
as well as quantitative research, designed to uncover the confluence of factors such as
race, socioeconomic status, age, and sexual orientation in shaping the context and
experience of violence in women's lives.
Benson, M., Economic Analysis of National Examine the effect of
Distress, Community existing economic distress on violence
Context and Intimate dataset against women.
Violence
Jasinski,J. L., Violence Analysis of National Examine the developmental
Against Women: An existing antecedents of violence
Examination of dataset against women by race/
Developmental Antecedents ethnicity.
Among Black, Caucasian,
and Hispanic Women
Malcoe, L. H.,
Understanding Partner survey
Violence in Native
American Women
Perilla, J., Domestic Abuse
Among Latinos: Description
and Intervention
Pennell, S., Examining the
Nature and Correlates of
Domestic Violence Among
Female Arrestees in San
Diego
Interview Community
Interview Community
Measure the prevalence of
intimate-partner violence
among Native American
women in Plains tribes;
examine risk and protective
factors.
Community Explore patterns of abuse
within the context of Latino
cultural values.
Examine the incidence and
prevalence of domestic
violence among female
arrestees and the relationship
among alcohol and drugs,
violent victimization, and
service and treatment needs
of female offenders.
Continued
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24
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level
Project Goal
Coulter, M., The Survey, State
Relationship Between interview,
Welfare, Domestic Violence analysis of
and Employment administrative
data
Naylor Goodwin, S., Longitudinal County
Violence Against Women: cohort
The Role of Welfare Reform interview
Bogat, G. A., Understanding Interview, Multisite
the Intergenerational longitudinal
Transmission of Violence
Against Women from
Pregnancy Through the
First Year of Life
Examine the impact of
violence against women on
the economic self-sufficiency
of women welfare recipients.
Determine the impacts of
domestic violence on
employment, the impacts of
welfare reform on women's
experiences of domestic
violence, and the effect of
specific services on those
impacts.
Examine the effect of
battering of mothers on their
infants during pregnancy and
the first year of life.
Recommendation 7: Evaluations of preventive and treatment intervention efforts must
clearly define the outcomes expected from the intervention. These outcome measures
should derive from an explicit theory underlying each intervention. Defining outcomes
requires close collaboration between researchers and service providers.
Recommendation 8: Programs designed to prevent sexual and intimate-partner violence
should be subject to rigorous evaluation of both short- and long-term effects. Programs
designed to prevent delinquency, substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, gang
involvement, or general violence (including conflict mediation programs) should
include evaluation of risk factors for and prevention of intimate and sexual violence. In
addition, studies of at-risk children and adolescents should include an examination of
the relationship of risk factors, such as poverty, childhood victimization, and brain
injury, to outcomes of sexual and intimate-partner violence.
Heckert, A., Predicting
Levels of Abuse and
Reassault Among Batterer
Program Participants
Jouriles, E., Children of
Battered Women: Reducing
Risk for Abuse
Analysis of
existing
longitudinal
dataset
Evaluation Community
Multisite Build a prediction model to
identify risk factors and
outcomes of arrested
batterers.
Examine intervention
outcomes for mothers and
children in reducing risk for
child maltreatment.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
25
Principal Investigator,
Project Title Method Level Project Goal
Linares, L., The Effects of Dyad Community Examine the effect of
Community Violence on interviews, community on family
Women and Children observation aggression related to
maternal practices in high-
crime neighborhoods.
Siegel, J. A., Risk Factors Analysis of Community Examine child abuse as a risk
for Violent Victimization of existing factor for adult victimization.
Women: A Prospective dataset
Study
Betts, P., Women's
Experience with Violence:
A Collaborative Research
Initiative for the Center for records,
Research on Women and the interview
Memphis Sexual Assault
Resource Center
Analysis of Community
program and
official
Examine risk factors for
sexual violence against
women; evaluate a local
sexual violence resource
center.
Recommendation 9: Studies that describe current services for victims of violence and
evaluate their effectiveness are needed. Studies to investigate the factors associated
with victims' service-seeking behavior, including delaying seeking of services or not
seeking services at all, are also needed. These studies should describe and evaluate
innovative or alternative approaches or settings for identifying and providing services
to victims of violence against women.
Resnick, H., Prevention of
Post-Rape Psychopathology
in Women
Enos, V., An Intervention to Literature
Improve Documentation of review,
Domestic Violence in interview,
Medical Records
focus groups,
evaluation
Evaluation Community
City
Evaluate video-based
preventive intervention.
Develop, implement, and
evaluate a training
intervention to improve
documentation of abuse in
health care settings.
Sullivan, C., Using a Evaluation, Community Evaluate strengths-based
Longitudinal Dataset to longitudinal intervention for victims of
Further Our Understanding violence against women.
Of the Trajectory of Intimate
Violence over Time
Weisz, A., An Evaluation of Evaluation
Family Advocacy with a
Team Approach
Community Evaluate victim advocate
services.
Continued
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26
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level
Project Goal
Nagin, D., Dugan, L., and Analysis of
Rosenfeld, R., The Impact of existing
Legal Advocacy on dataset
Intimate-Partner Homicide
Chaiken, M., Impact of
VAWA: What Counts?
Isaac, N., Corporate Sector
Response to Domestic
Violence
Multisite
(48 cities)
Case studies Multisite
Survey,
interview,
case study
Bronson, D., Ramos, D., and Evaluation
Bohmer, C., An Evaluation
of Victim Advocacy in Ohio
Ruch, L. O., Reporting
Sexual Assault to the Police
in Hawaii
Dutton, M., National
Evaluation of the Rural
Domestic and Child
Victimization Enforcement
Grant Program Phase I
and II
Alpert, G. P., The Lexington Evaluation
County Court: A Partnership
and Evaluation
Uekert, B., and Dupree, C.,
National Evaluation of
Grants to Combat Violent
Crimes Against Women on
Campus
Evaluate the impact of legal
advocacy efforts on rates of
intimate-partner homicide in
terms of exposure-reducing
potential.
National
State
Interview State
Evaluation National
Community
Evaluation National
Assess the impact of funds
provided under the Violence
Against Women Act in
addressing domestic violence
(victim safety, offender
accountability).
Explore the responsiveness of
the corporate sector to
employees' experiences of
domestic violence.
Describe and evaluate victim
advocacy services in terms of
personal functioning and
pursuit of adjudication.
Examine variables
influencing the reporting of
sexual violence to police.
Evaluate this program
designed to learn about
domestic violence in rural
families and increase the
safety of rural abused
women and children.
Assess the impact of domestic
violence court on victim
safety, and the accountability
of offenders and the court
system.
Document the impact of
Violence Against Women
Office (VAWO)-funded
college campus programs on
violence against women.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
27
Principal Investigator,
Project Title Method Level Project Goal
Ames, L., Evaluating
Domestic Violence Programs
in Clinton County
McDermott, M. J.,
Responding to Domestic
Violence in Southern Illinois:
An Evaluation Partnership
Evaluation Community
Evaluation Community
Evaluate VAWO-funded
programs to encourage arrest
policies for domestic violence.
Evaluate outcomes of a
VAWO-funded pro-arrest
project.
Ryan, R., Evaluation of Evaluation- State Assess and compare the
Protective Order comparative effectiveness of POET and
Enforcement Team (POET) analysis Domestic Assault Response
Team.
McFarlane, J., Increasing
Victim Safety and System
Accountability with
Protection Orders:
Evaluating a Collaborative
Intervention Between Health
Care and Criminal Justice
Whitcomb, D., and Fisher,
B., Research on Procedures
of Institutions of Higher
Education to Report Sexual
Assaults
Burt, M., National Impact
Evaluation of Victim
Services Programs Funded
Through the S.T.O.P.
Violence Against Women
Formula Program
Evaluation County
Survey, National
content
analysis of
official
documents
Evaluation
National
Implement and test an
advocacy case management
intervention in the
specialized district
attorney's office that aims to
inform victims about how
they can obtain protection
orders and to offer advice
and support regarding safety,
emotional well-being, and
work productivity.
Describe policies and
procedures of institutions of
higher education for
responding to reports of
sexual assaults.
Describe the variety of
S.T.O.P.-funded victim
service programs, the
community and state contexts
in which they operate, and
their effect on victim
outcomes; assess the degree
to which S.T.O.P. funding for
victim service programs has
affected program services,
community context, and
victim outcomes.
Continued
OCR for page 28
28
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level
Project Goal
Uekert, B., and McEwen, T., Evaluation
National Evaluation of the
Arrest Policies Program
Under the Violence Against
Women Act
Luna, E., Impact Evaluation Impact
of the S.T.O.P. Grant evaluation,
Programs for Reducing case study
Violence Against Women
Pennell, S., The Nature and
Scope of Violence Against
Women in San Diego
Uchida, C., Evaluating the
DVERT program in
Colorado Springs
Connors, E., National
Evaluation of the Domestic
Violence Victims' Civil
Legal Assistance (CLA)
Program
National
National
Review Community
of records
Process Community
evaluation
Evaluation National
Explore local
implementations of model
programs; study interactions
among officials to develop a
model of collaboration for a
systematic approach to
domestic violence; assess
program effectiveness; and
identify innovative, unique,
and promising projects.
Evaluate programs funded
under the S.T.O.P. Violence
Against Indian Women
grants to understand the
cultural and legal context of
reducing violence against
women among Indian tribes;
evaluate the impact of tribal
programs to reduce violence
against women; and make
recommendations for
. . . .
mprovmg exlstmg programs
and developing new
programs for tribes to reduce
violence against women.
Describe characteristics of
victims, batterers, and
domestic violence incidents
using data from emergency
shelters and police records.
Examine the intervention
process of the Colorado
Springs Domestic Violence
Enhanced Response Team
(DVERT).
Describe types of problems
being addressed and projects
being supported; examine
how CLA programs assess
need and conduct outreach to
clients; and examine
immediate and long-term
impacts on clients.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
29
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level Project Goal
Recommendation 10: Randomized, controlled outcome studies are needed to identify
the program and community features that account for the effectiveness of legal or social
service interventions with various groups of offenders.
Havens, C., Evaluation of Evaluation
Special Session Domestic
Violence: Enhanced
Advocacy and Interventions
Eckhardt, C., Stages and
Processes of Change and
Associated Treatment
Outcomes in Partner
Assaultive Men
Evaluation Community
Lyon, E., Impact Evaluation Evaluation Community
of a Special Session
Domestic Violence:
Enhanced Advocacy and
Interventions
Hartley, C., The Cook Evaluation
County Court Target Abuser
Call (TAC): An Evaluation
of a Specialized Domestic
Violence Court
Davis, R., The Brooklyn
Domestic Violence
Experiment
Feder, L., A Test of the
Efficacy of Court-Mandated
Counseling for Domestic
Violence Offenders
Community
Experimental Community
design
Experimental County
design
Greenspan, R., and Experimental Community
Weisburd, D., The design
Richmond/Police Foundation
Domestic Violence Partnership
Evaluate the effectiveness of
specialized domestic violence
court sessions in terms of
victim safety and offender
recidivism.
Examine the effects of court-
referred batterer intervention
programs on subsequent
attrition and recidivism.
Evaluate outcomes of a
program for male domestic
violence offenders.
Examine the effect of a
specialized domestic violence
court on conviction rates,
victim appearance rates, etc.
Determine the effect of court-
mandated batterer treatment
in Brooklyn in terms of
reoffending and attitude
change.
Test the effectiveness of
court-mandated counseling in
reducing repeat violence.
Test the effects of social
workers who provide crisis
intervention on the scene of
domestic violence incidents,
as well as follow-up services.
Continued
OCR for page 30
30
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level Project Goal
Recommendation 11: Studies are needed that examine discretionary processes in the
criminal and civil justice systems, including implementation of new laws and reforms,
charging and prosecutorial decision making, jury decision making, and judicial
decision making. Legal research, which supplies the theoretical basis behind legal
interpretations and reforms, is also needed.
Hotaling, G., and Buzawa,
E., Criminal Justice
Intervention in Domestic
Violence: Victim Preferences
Victim Satisfaction and
Factors Impacting on
Revictimization
Belknap, J., A Longitudinal
Study of Battered Women
in the System: The Victims'
and Decision Makers'
Perceptions
Rivara, F., Protection of
Women: Health and Justice
Outcomes
Smith, B., An Evaluation of
Efforts to Implement
No-Drop Policies: Two
Central Values in Conflict
Finn, M., Evaluation of
Policies, Procedures, and
Programs Addressing
Violence Against Women
Burt, M., and Harrell, A.,
National Evaluation of the
VAWA Grants
Wolf, M. E., Protection of
Women: Health and Justice
Outcomes
Analysis of
existing
dataset
Community
Interviews, Multisite
longitudinal
Follow-up Community
evaluation
Evaluation Multisite
Evaluation Multisite
Evaluation National
Evaluation, Community
cohort study
Examine risk factors for
victims and perpetrators, and
preferences and
dissatisfaction of victims with
regard to the criminal justice
system.
Examine victim and
prosecutor perceptions of the
problem, and influences on
decisions of battered women
who have gone through the
court system.
Examine the effects of
protection orders.
Evaluate the effects of
no-drop policies.
Evaluate the effects of
no-drop policies.
Document grant activities
and programs under the
Violence Against Women Act;
assess outcomes and
accomplishments of grantees.
Evaluate the effectiveness of
protection orders.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
31
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level
Project Goal
Keilitz, S., Domestic
Violence Courts:
Jurisdiction, Organization,
Performance Goals and
Measures
Survey, National
interview
Sviridoff, M., King's County Evaluation County
Felony Domestic Court
Research Partnership:
Exploring Implementation
and Early Impacts
Giacomazzi, A., and
Smithey, M., Violence
Against Women in the
City of E1 Paso, Texas:
Developing Research-
Practitioner Partnerships
McEwen, T., and Miller, N.,
Study of the Effectiveness of
State Anti-Stalking Efforts
and Legislation
McEwen, T., Impact
Evaluation of S.T.O.P.
Grants: Law Enforcement
and Prosecution
Buzawa, E., Understanding, Interview
Preventing, and Controlling
Domestic Violence Incidents
Spohn, C., Prosecutors'
Charging Decisions in
Sexual Assault Cases
Provide a comprehensive list
of domestic violence courts;
develop performance goals.
Evaluate a county domestic
violence court.
Evaluation Community
Survey National
Evaluation Multisite
Community
Analysis of
official
records
Multicity
Evaluate the effect of
domestic violence training on
police officer perceptions of
domestic violence, the
amount of time police
officers spend on the scene
with victims of domestic
violence, and the number of
cases accepted for
prosecution and resulting in
. , .
conviction.
Assess the status and effect of
state antistalking efforts and
laws.
Evaluate the impact of a cross
section of activities supported
under the Law Enforcement
and Prosecution purpose
area of the S.T.O.P. formula
grants.
Examine characteristics of
domestic violence offenses,
offenders, and victims in a
proactive court setting.
Examine the effect of victim,
suspect, and case
characteristics on prosecutors'
charging decisions.
Continued
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32
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level
Project Goal
Caliber Associates,
Educational Development
Center, National Center for
State Courts, Evaluation of
a Multi-Site Demonstration
of Collaborations to
Address Domestic Violence
and Child Maltreatment
Harrell, A., and Newmark,
L., Evaluation of a Multi-Site
Demonstration for Enhanced
Judicial Oversight of
Domestic Violence Cases
Belknap, J., Factors Related
to Domestic Violence Court
Dispositions in Large
Urban Areas
Worden, A., Models of
Community Coordination
in Response to Partner
Violence
Morrill, A. C., Child
Custody and Visitation
When the Father Batters
the Mother
Evaluation Multisite
Evaluation Multisite
Interview,
survey,
analysis of
official
records
Survey, State
interview,
Community
Evaluation Multisite
Measure the extent to which
collaboration of sites under
the Green Book
demonstration project
resulted in system change
and improvements in safety,
repeat abuse, and batterer
accountability.
Evaluate enhanced judicial
oversight to determine the
effect of victim services and
strong judicial oversight of
and graduated sanctions for
domestic violence offenders
on recidivism, defendant and
system accountability, and
victim safety.
Examine factors that
influence judicial and
prosecutorial decision
making in domestic violence
cases, and factors that
influence victim/witness
reluctance in bringing
batterers to successful
adjudication.
Develop a typology of
community coordination
models, and assess their
components and impact on
victims' safety, perceptions of
system effectiveness,
revictimization, and
satisfaction with responses.
Assess the impact of Model
Code provisions regarding
child custody and visitation
and judicial knowledge of
domestic violence issues.
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INTRODUCTION
TABLE 1-1 Continued
33
Principal Investigator,
Project Title Method Level Project Goal
Saccuzzo, D., Mandatory Content
Custody Mediation Resulting analysis
in Formal Recommendations:
A Window on Process and
Outcome for Violent
Families
Community Compare child adjustment
factors in violent and
nonviolent families to
determine whether group
differences are reflected in
custody and visitation plans;
study custody decisions
resulting from mandatory
custody mediation; and
evaluate custody decisions in
terms of safety.
Isaac, N., Medical Records Review of Community Describe, from a legal
as Legal Evidence in medical perspective, the
Domestic Violence Cases records documentation of domestic
violence in abused women's
medical charts.
Holt, V. L., History of Analysis of County Examine the relationship
Intimate-Partner Violence police and between a history of intimate-
and the Determination of court data partner violence and
Custody and Visitation determination of child
Among Couples Petitioning custody and visitation
for Dissolution of Marriage agreements among couples
who filed for divorce.
Crandall, C., Impact
Evaluation of a SANE
[Sexual Assault Nurse
Examiners] Unit in
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Ford, D., and Bachman, R.,
A Synthesis of the Research
and Evaluation from the
VAWA
Impact Community
evaluation
(quasi-
experimental)
Literature National
review
Measure the impact of
programs in law enforcement,
prosecution, and health care
services.
Review the state of
knowledge on the impacts of
justice components of the
Violence Against Women Act
to describe how the act has
helped advance knowledge
about effective controls.
Recommendation 12: The panel recommends that government agencies develop a
coordinated strategy to strengthen the creation of a research base that is focused on
prevention of violence against women and interventions for offenders and victims.
Continued
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34
TABLE 1-1 Continued
RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Principal Investigator,
Project Title
Method Level Project Goal
Recommendation 13: The panel recommends that a minimum of three to four research
centers be established within academic or other appropriate settings to support the
development of studies and training programs focused on violence against women, to
provide mechanisms for collaboration between researchers and practitioners and
technical assistance for integrating research into service provision.
Worden, A., Research on
Violence Against Women:
Synthesis for Practitioners
Literature National
review
Synthesize research on
violence against women to
guide practitioners.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
project goal
