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Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition (2003)

Chapter: Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise

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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Suggested Citation:"Health Sciences and the Research Enterprise." Institute of Medicine. 2003. Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health: Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10853.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

The pursuit a'?c] cliffi~sion of k'~owlecige enjoy a Place of distinction ill American culture, and the public expects to reap cor~si`Jerab/e ber~efitirom t/'e creative arid innovative co'?tributior~s of scientists.—l',tegrity ir, Scientific Research, 2002 .~] SctEN(~s REsEARCI] Biomedical research is in a period of rapid change, as tecl~nological advances enable the stuffy of complex biological systems. Taxis ability has fueled tire launch of projects tint are large in scope, involve store cross- disciplinary research and promise faster improvements in Truman health. Supporting taxis new science will require major changes in planning, 'resources, and ~T~anagen~ent. Large-Scale Biorne~lical Science: Exploring Strategies for Futile e Research (2003) describes how tire National l~stitutes of Healths (NIH) anal owe- feder- *~nCieS shouI(] tI0~10P n~e open aLud cyst: at`c n~elhodl for assess researsc}~ t'pportu '~ Hi es al agencies show select, fund, implement, and e`7r,0rging fFOR7 the sc;~ evaluate large collaborative projects, and flow fir commun;~. their staffs sI~ouIc] be trained and retained. Among tile recon~me',dations, agencies should develop a snore open and systematic metI~od for assessing research opportunities emerging From the scientific community in which a large-scale approach is lilcely to prove more effective titan traditional research efforts. Projects must leave clear but flexible plans that cover everything from flow they are initially organ- ized to flow tizzy will be phased out wilen goals are met. To ensure that a - 6 I

fit' 1~-~- }. (~'~ :~Al. [.~)'ES IN ~! ALTO! l~igI~-caliber scientists ant! managers will want to participate, funding agen- cies ant! universities sI~ouict develop new approaches for assessing team- work and ~nanagement, as well as novel ways of rewarding accomplish- n~ent in such positions. Universities, for example, could revise policies on tenure and promotion to recognize the value of contributions to colIabo- rative research. Cooperation between academia and industry sI~ouict ire encouraged in orcler to speeci research and development and recluce the overall cost of future large-scale projects. Tire National l'~stitutes of Heath leas a remarkable recorc! of success. But concerns leave arisen Bleat tire agency leas grown too fragmented ant! unwieldy, ant! that its current organizational structure cannot accommo- date tire increasing pace of scientific discoveries. Acting on sucks concerns, Congress asIcec! for acIvice on the organization ant] management of tire NIH. Enhancing the Vitality of the National Institutes of Health: Organizational Change to Meet New Challenges (2003) concludes that important changes are needecI and provides a blueprint for strengthening tire agency's operations. In particular; it recommends modifications that will better enable NIH to pursue innovative interdisciplinary research treat reflects strategic objectives and cuts across all of its institutes ant! centesis. One fruitful area for such "trans-NIH" research is obesity, which is associated witty healths problems Such as Impart disease, diabetes, ant! arthritis) treat concern numerous of tire agency's branches. NIH also should! establish a special projects program, unpiler tire clirecto~'s authority, to fund cutting-edge ~ esearch treat is t~isI<y but offends a high potential foil payoff in terms of cures and flew treatments. Tire report does not recommend! major r eorganization of NIH, noting tire inevitable turmoil that creates within an organization. Rattles; it calls for Congress to establish a formal process for reviewing specific proposals for cages in tire NIH structure. Taxis process should be used to study two mergers favorer! ilk tire report: the combining of tire National Institute on Drug Abuse witty tire National Institute on Malcolm! Abuse ant! Alcoholism, and tire National Institute of General Medical Science witty tire National Human Genome Research Institute. - Ant changes are Clinical trials are the primary means user] to elucidate the most appro- priate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for indivicluals with a given meclical condition. Ample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial, anc' tire number of participants sI~ouic] be large enough to provide a sufficiently precise answer to the research question posecI. But tire context

my 9~-~S A.~D rI_~_~E RESI<~] E.~N'Y{~<~3~- of clinical trials sometimes greatly limits tl~e numbers of research subjects available. Small Clinical Prials: Issues airy Challenges (200 t ~ concludes treat properly clesignec! trials may provide substantial eviclence of efficacy ant! ire warrantee! unpiler certain conditions. Situations in which small trials may be appropriate include evaluating treatments for rare clisorclers, studying unique patient populations (such as astronauts or members of isolated communities), assessing inclividually tailorec! therapies, and r esponcling to urgent threats to public I~ealtl~. Tile report describes ways to design and analyze trials to obtain reliable and valic! results widen oddly limiter! nu'n- bers of participants are available. These include carefully defining tire research question and tailoring Else study design, clarifying sample ct~arac- teristics ant! methods, performing corroborative analyses to evaluate tire consistency and robustness of results, and exercising caution ilk i~terpret- ing tile results before attempting to extrapolate or generalize tile findings. The report also recommencts tight mole research be conducted! on tire development and evaluation of alternative experimental clesigns ant! analy- sis methods for trials wield small sample sizes. Research On stem cells, primitive types of cells that transform in tire body to become different I<incts of tissue, nary ultimately lead to improved I Important Concepts in Clinical Trial Design · Does the trial measure efficacy or effectiveness? · A method of reducing bias (randomization ancl masking (blinding]) · I nclusion of control groups Placebo concurrent controls Active treatment concurrent controls (superiority versus equivalence trials No-treatment concurrent controls Dose-comparison concurrent controls External controls (historical or retrospective controls) · Use of masking (b~incling) or an open-~abe~ trial Double-blincl Brian Single-bind trial · Ranclomization Use of ranclomized versus nonranclomized controls · Outcomes (endpoints) to be measurecl: creclib~ej va~idatec3, and responsive to change · Sample size ant] statistical power · Significance tests to be Cased SOURCE: Sma// Clinical Trials: Issues and Cha//enges! 2001, page 21.

[~I 1----E [~ CA I.~s IN A- meciical treatment even cure for millions of people wire suffe'. from heart disease cardiovascular disease AlzI~eimers disease cancer spinal-cord injuries' ant! numerous othe'- disorders. But many people leave No-al and ethnical cowers about sucks research especially regarding tire use of steno cells obtainer! from human embryos The Promise of Stem Cells: From Research to Medical Therapies (2002) clan ides what is I<nown about tire scien- tific potential of stem cells reviews concerns about their use in ~-esea'~cl~ and practice and r ecom',~ends ways to proceed responsibly fiom current understanding to useful treatments for people in bleed. Its primary mes- sage is that keeping as manly avenues of ~ esearcl~ open as possible includ- ing studies on boric embryonic ant] adult stem cells fi-o~n boldly animals ant! Suntans will best pave tile way to therapeutic advances. Moreover it is vital to continue public funding of research on stem celIs. Publicly funded research, conducted under established stanciarcis of open scientific exchange, peer review, anti public oversight, offers tire most efficient and responsible means to achieve medical breakthroughs. To address tire etI~- ical clilemmas and scientific uncertainties raiser! by research involving embryonic stem cells, the National Institutes of llealtI~ should create a national blue-ribbon advisory board to ensure that proposals for federal funding for such work are justifier! on scientific grouncIs and treat they meet CUI r elm amuck future federally mandated ethnical guidelines. Tire 1985 outbreaks of marl cow cl~sease in tire Unitecl Kingclom ~,e~er- ateci global awareness of a new class of noun odegenerative diseases called transmissible spongiform encepl~alopatI~ies (TSEs), which appear to be causer! bv infectious agents caller! priors. Identified in 1982, prions are an ~ v ~ . abnormally shaped form of a nol n1al mammalian protein. Titers is no treatment for TSEs, wick uniformly prove fatal. Nor is tilers a fail-safe metI~ocl of diagnosing TSEs or detecting prions during able lengthy period in WlliCt1 tI1ey incubate in tI1e body. Consequently, tI1e Depa~-tlnel1t of Defense launcI1ed tI1e National Priol1 Research Program in 2002 and asked tile IOM to provide a reseal-cI1 agenda for the first round of Slants. Advancing Prion Science: Guida'~cefor the National Prion Research Program (2003) pro- vides that agenda. It recommends a number of strategies for achieving a diagnostic test that is rapicI, sensitive, and specific enough to detect minute amounts of prions witI~- out producing false-positives. One approach is to develop novel metI~ods and reagents that detect or bind to priors, an advance that Nay lead not

HEALER-] 5( IENCES ,QND 7~E ~~-I'\~H F.~\Y['EPI3~S'L only to better diagnostics but also to new meti~octs of treating and event preventing TSEs. Another apl~roacl~ is to identify easier-to-spot surrogate markers treat indicate the presence of prions or TSEs. The report stresses that funcling should lee expancled for basic research, as it will be virtually ~ , , ~ .. . ~ . ~ . .. . . . . . . ~n~poss~l~le to devise useful diagnostic tests Without a getter uncterstan0- ing of tire structural and functional properties of prions anti bile ,natI~ogen- esis and epidemiology of TSEs. Being male or female is an important basic Truman variable that affects healths and illness throughout life. But taxis realization leas been slow in coining, as scientists until recent years largely ignored stuclies of tire effects of sex at Else basic cellular and molecular levels. Exploring the Bio/ogica/ Co'~t~ibr~tio'?s to Human Hea/t1~: Does Sex Matter? (2001) Previews tire current understanding of sex differences and determinants at tire biologi- cal level, identifies barriers to research in taxis area, and ~ eco~n~nends ways to eliminate those barriers. It concludes treat there is now sufficient i~nowI- edge to validate tl~e stucly of sex differences Alice to eatable tire generation of hypotheses. The next step is to move from the descriptive to the exper- ime~tal and establish tire cor~clitions that must be in place to facilitate anc! encourage stucly of the origins and mechanisms of sex differences. Sex clif- ferences sl~ouIc! be stucliecl across tire entire lifespan. Interdisciplinary efforts will be neecled, anti studies to account for sex differences bigly require innovative clesigns, metl~ods, Alice Knocked systems. Meeting tl~ese needs wit! require additional resources. Among oxides recomn~encIations, clinical researchers sixfold attempt to identify tire e~doc~i~e status of research subjects, and longitudinal studies should be designed to enable Men and women differ in brain organization for language. Men (lelt image) rely on the left inferior frontal gyrus to carry out language tasks, such as dete~rni~ing if two nonsense words rhyme. Women (right image) use both the left and the right inferior gyri to carry out the same task. Shaywitz et al. (1995) Nature 373:607-609. SOURCE: Exploring the Biological Contributions Human Health: Does Sex Matter?, 2001.

|~.~.~i 1~-~E i4I>~-~ AM iS~.S IN HE,iNt71-] analysis of data by sex. Once studies are conclucted, data regarding sex ctif- ferences, or flee lack thereof, should ire made readily available ilk tire scien- tific literature. As research advances, care shod be taken to recluce tire potential for discrin~i~ation leased on identified sex differences. Space travel is inherently risIcy, and plans for humans to venture into creep space for prolonger] periocIs hoic! special health risks. Safe Passage: Astronaut Carefor Explorations Missions (2001) presents a vision for protect- ing the Seattle of voyagers on long-duration missions (a year or more) beyond Earths orbit. Requestec! by flee National Aeronautics anti Space Administration (NASA), the r eport concludes that not enough is yet known about tire risks of prolonged missions, or about ways to mitigate tl~ose risks, to enable humans to travel and work safely in deep space, and that everything reason- able should be clone to gain tire necessary information before humans are sent on such missions. NASA should clevelop a comprehensive system that will provide cur- rent astronauts, those in training, and former astronauts with tire full cor~tinuu~n of healths care, wirily s~multane- ously collecting and analyzing all medical cIata relevant to space travel. Tire agency also sI~ouic! develop a to~g- tern~ strategic research plan designed to obtain missing information about the health risics of space to aver, includ- ing both biological and behavioral problems, and about methods to ameliorate tire risks. To erasure that activities proceed ifs tire most timely and coordinates! fashion, NASA sI,ouIc! develop a single o~ga- nizatio~al unit, either within or outside tire agency, treat leas authority over and accountability for all aspects of astronaut health. t~ ~~t kt~i~ tNViRONMENT Protecting tire safety and privacy of inclivicluals who volunteer to par- ticipate in medical research is essential. But recent years leave seen grow- ing concerti that protections systems Slave failecl to keep up witty tire reali- ties of contemporary research. In response to a request from the Department of Health and Human Services, the lOM leas issued two reports acIciressing how to improve tire structure and function of protection pro- grams. Tire first, Preserving Public Truest: Accreditation and Human Research Participant Programs (2001), examines the role that accreditation, that is, tile process by which organizations that conduct research achieve inde- pendent certification of their operations by meeting explicit performance

HE St IE,\~s ANI) 7~E ~£.~-APC [-! ~.'~Y~3~ stanclarcis, can play in enhancing protection. It previews a number. of d-aft pet furnace standards that leave been proposed anti ~ ecomme~ds ways to improve tire strongest of tire stancIards, pilot test totem, and ultimately move them into practice. Accreditation efforts sI,oulci be evaluated after several years to determine tI~eir impact on protecting the piglets ant! inter- ests of participants in medical research, and tire accreditation process sl~ouic' be revised as needed. Tire second! report, Responsible Research: A The Phases of Human Research. Responsible Research: ,4 Systems Approach to Protect- ing Research Participants, 9()()2, page 41. .. it. ~ I_ . i. .... C: ... ~. ~ o ~: ~ ~~ 0 ... ~ . ~ ~~ _ ...~... .. .... i.......... it.... . . ,. Individual ~> i...... Participant ~ Ethical Review ~ i, Scientific and Conflict . of Interest Reviews Dissemination ._ o ._ a e c In Data Collection - Recruitment and Enrollment | Data Analysis/Study | | Close-out , ........ , .,.... I : .. ~ '''' I ' | k I in..

|~I I~~-~E ~~ CKI/~AL ~~S IN BALM Systems Approach to Protecting ResenrcI~ Participants (2002), reviews in go eater breach and depth low else current system operates and flow it goes away, offers several broac! recommendations for reform, and snakes numerous pr actical suggestions for builcling more robust protection programs. Because no single cause explains failures in protecting participants, changes will be needed on many fi onts. At tile national level, for example, Congress should ~ equire that evenly organization conducting r esearch with lean subjects, r ega~ dress of flee fuming source, Rio so under the auti~or- ity of a comprehensive research participant protection program, which would be subject to federal oversight. W~tl~in institutions, ultimate ~ espon- sibility for an effective program of protections must lest witty tile l~igl~est levels of a r esearcI~ or~anization's leadership. Most Americans willingly support public investments in research. TIley will continue their support only if they can trust tire scientific community. This crucial link makes it imperative that botch inclividual scientists acid i~stitutior~s conduct their ~ esearcI~ r esponsibly. Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating- an Environment That Promotes Respo'?sib/e Concoct (2002) reviews what is lcnown about factors treat eatable and encourage inclividu Open-systems Model of the Research Organization. SOURCE: Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating an Environment That Promotes Responsible Conduct, 2002, page 7. , ~ ~ ;, ~ - ~ ~ .. ~~ ,,~,. ,,~ . i. ~ i -I ~~ ~ - ~": ':'.' ": :::'.:' ' :' .' :'' "t'.-:~^ !.1:' ' - ::'t ·:: :::"::- ':'.! '- '.' :"':: :::::' '':. `: . ::: A: ...::- ' .:: .: :..: ^. ,, :.. -:-- A ' . 'I'm:, :.:', ,'... "' ' '' ! — :': '''[" '.' ' 'in' '_':' ' ' a:' ":' '. "' ' ' .. .:' ' ". .'"':'. #: ,,:',:,',:'. ,' . ,'' ..~.'~. .~ ~+' lit ,? ~ ,'' ';", '~1 ' ~~;~ ~ ',:'T " '' .~,6~.~. ..Y ,~ , ,~ ,~,~ ~ ,,, ,,,, . ~ ,, i. ., ~~ ~ . ~ ,, ~ ~ . ~~ t .~ ~ .~ ~ .~ ~ ~ t~t &~ J ~~ I. · ~l ~ :~~ · ~ 1 ~ -my. l Ace: ~ I—.~.,~ .: '~:i: : ~ i: ~ - ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ :~ ~~ ^'' ':"' '' '': '"' " :' ' ' ': l''':'- "''':'-'!:":'' ':'! . :::'!'!' -'':-!' ::'':':' -:!' '-'a "'":'~^'': ~ :'':' ': ':^ :: .:' :'c'' :'-:' - '''!':': ": "'-a :'''''"'' '' !- - '':' ::'^ '' ':''— " :' '>- ':'' ' '""':'-- :7 '::' ~ ' '': ' ' .:, i: .:, :, :: . : , ,, ~ ::, : ,:: .,: ., :.. : ^ , . : , . : : : .: : : :: : . ~ : ::::::::: ::. : .: . — :-.: :, .: - . , _: . : ' .: , _ .: .: . :. i: - ., . :. : .:: . 'a: ~ ':':::^:~:: :'; '::: I'd''::: i: ~: ~ ::-, ':j' :~'L: ::': :~ ':~', :: Jo::': '::: i'' ':' ':': Jo': :~ " :::'-- :~ ~::'':~- -':: ::" :'::''..., ~ ':~:'~ '': :. ~ :~'':~.: :.::'':::' All_ :~:_ :''i~ ~','t.'':''~j'':.;::' V~ .i I. .; ' i' ~',~'.' '' :' ~ . :'.'. . :'..:: .'2 .~ :'.: - .' .~:~ ::' `~i~i~-~c~ i ~ Research Or roan i zat i on ~~ :~ .~ ~~::~: ~:~ ~~ ~ \, !' ' ;: i: ~ :~.^ ~ y :,. , .. ~ - - ~ _ ::::: . ! \' 'a _ at'' ::- ~ i: ,::'-::'::;::.:' ':~ chic - -- ~ ';~ppUt 6/ Resources\ 44i2l''~"' ' i' ~ : \ i Fending ~ d.,. - . ~ . . ~~>it;,Ev,el and s:4rec Lamar Resources {~.Trani Hi an expert once I 'i.~;:~loculLurrdl arid <:~ti;or,~hclonir=! b:lckarouno ! Organizational Structure POIjGIeS, procedures. roorde6 -Pales and responsibilities -Dccision-'nak~rg practices -Missions and goals, objectives, strategies -Technology Organizational Processes - adersh,p -Cor~lpetilion -supervision -Ccinrn unicat fort -Socialization -(~rn~tni7Atinn:ql la~trninn _~;~4'~~ ~''~',~ ,.' ,' '''.~,'. It puts/ Outco' ~es\\ `, l phi -, V2~' ~! l~.earth -Related Act iv it ies \:: ~ i~elltyJquii~ti:y or activity 2.'. ~~ ' ch I ntegrity hedge ot ar d altitudes toward f ~ L hial:5t arcs coral adder to, standards/: Ask:: ~~ i; ~ L >2.'.'~. I've 2~.'.' ~,.'.'.'.'.'-'"'~ 1 ...... '-''''' L'~ · - ' ~ .' '< /,~ . ~'~'~'.' ',~.~.'.','~',,';,~,,,, ~ .' i ;. ~ I _::'? 2:~ T'::L,.~ :'E' : ~:: ~ : ~ ' | ~ Ethical Culture and Climate ~ '~ ~ i. ~~ - .~ ~ t. ~ i- ~ ~^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d(~; . ~ ~~ ~ ~ i,——_ _1~: ~ ~~ ~~ . ~ ~ - #. ~ ~( ~ ~ ~\ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .lj.j ~ ,{v,~ ~ ;} ~ \~ ~~ ; .".''.; ~'".~'~'"~.'''~'~"'-''~ "'.'.''.' ~'7 "''at ~'~1''~''~ :;'''''',,' 'it ' .~, ,,.',,.-''"" -- ~ 'I' ,~',''. ~'''~'':'' . ~~''~"' ~-~ '",,'' '''" A' ''I ' ~ ':; 'I,, Hi," ;' .' a' ~~` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'lo ~~ ' (i' ~ ~ Ad ~ ~ +&' ~ '~ ~ ~ i.i't ~ I'll ~ ~.~4 ~~ dI ' ~~ .~ i~.4 . .i:~ ~ . ~ . ~ ', .'i ~ ' 'j ~ , i,, ' i ~ ii ii ~i.i i ( ~~~ . -it . - -::: :1 - ~~ - ~ i, - .~ .:i: . ~ . - . A;':.::::.: ;::,::::. .::::::i ;.::::::. i;.: ~ ::i':.: i .:i::.:^:~::::iii :::i:r : ;:. i ' :.:. If: :.,, .i :'^ ~ :' :~'.:. ~ :-::.:.,.:.::~.: :.~ :: : .^ :: it;- . i. " .'.' ~ ' ~ i,' ~~ 'I, ~ ~ ~ " i: ~ j j :. ~ ,: .. i: , . ~ ~ ~ ' ~~ ~ .., .. . j . ~ i.. Ail. i' ~ :,: ~ ~ 'I: A.' .:, I'd' ~ ~ °, ~~ ~ .~ ~ ';~. ~ ~ ~ i: ,~ i' ~ ~~ ~ !` . i; . ~ '. ~ ~ . ~ -- : . ·, . · , ,, ,

~ I-l 5~-~-S A\~) 71~E ~~-~ £^,n'Y~3~r ads, regardless of their role in tire research organization or albeit bacI<- grounds, to carry out their jobs in tire blest possible mantles: Since each participant brings unique qualities to tire research environment, tire con- straints nest Connie from tire environment itself. Tire report calls on research institutions to clevelop policies and procedures that promote research integrity, to provide menses of research teams Title tire tools and support systems they need to conduct research responsibly, and to conduct education and training efforts to Whelp everyone it~volveci Mom stu- cle'~ts acid trainees to senior scientists and top-level administrators) increase their understanding of tire whys ant! bows of responsible reseal. Leaclers shouIc! set the tone by their own actions, explicitly enciorsi'~g and participat- in., in activities designed to promote research integrity. It also is vital that institutions continu- ally evaluate their efforts, using a process of self- assessment and external peer review, in orcler to iclentify potential organizational or operational improvements. Incleed, mucks remains to be te~s should set shed he by their own act'nns, ex:pl;~ly elld(')~Sing and p p at ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ct i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ designer] to prologue research integrity learned in taxis area, and public agencies and private foundations sl~ould increase their support for research on factors that can promote integrity in research across different clisciplines ant! institutions. PROMO]~G TIMELY DIS(~10~S EM ta' i<~If ~ IOM's Roundtable on Environmental Healths Sciences, Research, and Medicine, was organized in 1998 to provicle a structures] opportunity ant] neutral setting for people from different scientific disciplines and organi- zational perspectives to cliscuss sensitive ant! clifficult issues of mutual interest. By bringing together participants fiom tile academic community, tile fecleral government, inclustry, and otiose areas who are actively engages] in activities related to environmental health, research, and mecli- cine, tile Roundtable Whelps in iclentifying problems current, ongoing, or likely to arise within the next several years and in discussing ways to solve Rinse problems. Tl~e Rouncitable does not provide formal advice or recom- menclations, but shares knowleclge and pleas. Tire nature of the delibera- tions and tire neutrality of tile setting facilitate fresco thinking. Tire first Roundtable workshop explored tile connection between human heat ant! tile natural environment that sttrrouncts people, tl~e

i: I~E Fawn CKIl1~%A] iS~.S IN ~-,1~ ''built" environment that Flay leave clesigned and constructed, and tire social environment in wl~icl~ they interact wield one another: 1~ Rebuilding the Unihy of Health and the Environment: A New Vision of Environmental Health for the 21st Century (2001), participants suggest treat tire infrastructure for linking environmental Stealth and public stealth is not worI<ing as well as it si~ouIcI. Discussions of environmental heat have become too narrowly focused around! regulations, ant] particularly the effects of regulations off economic growth. Instead, tire focus should be off creating and maintain- ing an enviror~ment that is healthy and livable foil humans ant! other species, Simile absorbing population growths, and e~abli~g manufacturing an] agriculture to thrive. Tile Roundtable leas user! tire overarching discussions of the first work- sI~op as a guideline for sponsoring aciclitional workshops regional work- sI~ops and minisymposiums. These additional activities explore in more specific detail tire environmental issues that impact Truman health. For example tl~e second won ksI~op focused on cancer because of tire observa- tion that not everyone exposed to a particular cancer-causing chemical will develop tire clisease. Genetic variations differences in the basic genetic blueprint from person to person affect an individuals susceptibility. In a workshop summary Cancer and the Er~viro'?ment: Gene-Environ~nent Interactions (2002) participants review wheat is knower about taxis complex interplay ant! suggest some fruitful areas for research. One emerging issue of concern is that cancer rates are accelerating among some racial ant! ethnic groups possibly because of tI~eir social or economic sta- tus. New approaches will be needec! to assess flow genes and envi~-onme~tal factors act together to compounc] cancer risks. FurtI~er efforts also are neeclecl to promote cancer prevention. It is well I<now~ treat marry behaviors are linI<ed to cancel; such as smoking ant! eating too mucks of the wrong foods but Lucid more remains to be learned about otiose environmental and lifestyle-related causes of cancer anti tire role played by genetic varia- tions amOIlg ilidiVidUalS. s ..'i W. ~ {.i <a :... an., ~ ... ....... ~ ~ is s, ~ ~ ~ /~..N . 5,. s ~ N~ s ,, Tire Roundtable also leas sponsored a number of n~inisymposiums and regional workshops. A symposium titled Science ant! Risk Communication (2001 ) addressed the challenges of how scientists can most electively pres- ent information on current or emerging environmental health threats to tire public. Tl~e discussion focused on flow various segments of else popu-

~~-Al11-! St IE.~S A,\~) 74-~E -Aim ~ [~s~r[~3~ ration obtain ant' disseminate information and flow this information ant' older factors influence behavior cl~ange. Recent events sucks as tile spread of West Nile virus ant! the deliberate clistribution of potent forms of anthrax bacteria through tile mail, underscore tile need for tile scientific community to improve its risk communication. In a workshop titles] E'~vironn?ental Health lubricators: Bridging the Chasm of Public Health and the Environment, (2002) workshop participants examined the issues of imple- menting a national environmental I~ealtl~ mo'~ito~ing system that would expanse current human exposure monitoring ant! l~ealth surveillance efforts. clinical Re~h lows Clinical Research Roundtable explores tile challenges facing tile field anti discusses approaches bleat Piglet be taken to improve the environ- ment for the concluct of a broad agenda of higI~-quality clinical research. Participants come from tile academic health community, federal agencies sponsoring and r egulating clinical research, pi ivate-secto~^ sponsors of clin- ical research, foundations, public and private insurance programs and health plans, corporate purchasers of health care, and groups representir~g else interests of patients. WorIcsI~ops convened by the Rouncitable cover a broac] range of worI<fo~ce ant! infrastructure-relatec! issues Fiat span tire full spectrum of clinical research, acid in all cases participants are attentive Health Seekers— Source of Information ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ it, ,,.. ~~,.~ ~~.~ internet A-- ~~--~ ~~0f~-~: TV ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ 44y~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~:~.~.~ ~~ :~ ~~ I. ~ ~~ off ~~ ,~ ~ ~~ ,~ I.. ~ :~ ~ ~~ ~..~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ---it :~ ~ ~ ~:~..~i~: ~ airs :. I. I. i-- 37%: ~~ :~ ~ Health Mags TV Ads Pharma Sites Percent of Total Time Spent Internet ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ .~ ~ ~ . ~~ I- .~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ : :: :: .:: :: ~ :: :: :::: : :.: Nags ~ ~ -: ~~ ~~;~ ,~ - ~~ : TV F.- it. ~ . .. . ~ ~ .~ I. -i i ~~ ~: sihtesma ~ ~~ 9~:~ . I: :: :~ :: :: . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ TV AdS ; ~~ ~~ ~~ 1~ ~--~ ~~ ~~ ~ Mag Ads 53 Sources ol Health Information. SOURCE: Exploring Challenges, Progress, and New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Clinical Research Roundtat~le Workshop Summary, 2003, page 38.

[~1~I'V([ 7 ICE F'>~-' IRE~ C~t [~',!~s IN I lI.AL7YI-! BASIC BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BLO(::K 1: \ Translation from in Vitro and animal to human studies / CLINICAL SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDG E ,~ Translation | of new knowledge into clinical practice / GOAL: ~ Enhanced \ public health; safer, cheaper, more effective \ new treatments / The Translational Blocks. SOURCE: Exploring Challenges, Progress, and New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Clinical Research Roundrable Workshop Summary, 2()()3, page 1 (). to tire etI~ical underpinnings of clinical research. Tire Roun~itable also co~- ducts activities to enlace mutual u~dersta'~di'~g between, tile scientific community ant! tire general public, while improving the public's uncler- standing of and participation in clinical studies. Organizations that purchase I~ealtI~ care, such as employers, ant! organ- izations cleat pay for health care, such as insurance companies and health plaits, often lack else information Alley need to malce sound decisions. The Role of P`~'cl~asers apace Payers i!? the Clinical Research E'~te~prise (2002) sum- marizes discussions during a Roundtable workshop devoted to this issue. Hotly purchasers and payers call for acIditional research to cletermi'~e what clues and does not work in treatment diagnosis ant! prevention. Taxis evaluative research compares existing therapies to new treatments. They also cite a need to translate clinical r esearcI~ more effectively so that consumers and health ca'e providers can make decisions based on tire best available eviclence and to transform tire healths care culture into a team effort. Employers anc! insures s recognize tire national trenc! toward a con- sumer-ciriven health care system ant! affirm tire important contributions tight tizzy can matte in pro'~oti~g health by educating tile people Riley serve and encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors. Of particular note both employers anal insurers express a com~itn~ent to searcI~i~g for solutions to national I~ealtI~ care problems and then working together to apply them. Although laypeople once played only a limited role in else clinical research enterprise as volunteers in clinical trials recent years have brought a sea of cleanse to public participation. Consumers now demanc! a role in the formulation of the research agenda anti in the clesign review and pursuit of research. Exploring CI~a//enges, Progress, anc! New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Researc/? Enterprise (20033 summarizes icleas explored during a worl~sI~op on taxis issue. Engaging tile public alillougI~ posing certain difficulties is cleemect a strategic imperative. The public can help in translatin research findings into practice in speed-

MA 5( IENt~S A,\~) ]-~- Rr5~-~u '''3 ing up the clinical research process, acid in making else ~-esearcI~ enterprise mole efficient. For exan~ple, public support for and participation in AIDS trials and research on coronary heart clisease leas led to declines ifs tire numbers of cleaths from Rinse diseases. Titus, the national movement toward `'participant-centered research" is widely applauded. To foster increased public participation, sever al strategies should be employed. These approaches inclucle striving to gaily and maintains tire publics trust in medical `-esearcI~, establishing two-way methods of communication between scientists and consumers, acid mounting educational programs to provide consumers with factual information about clinical research that does not raise unrealistic expectations. T 5TWDI:ES AND ~~G ~~S The National Institutes of Health supports a number of "centers of excellence" at leading academic institutions to focus r esearch on particular diseases. In recent years, centers often have begun with a mandate Tom Congress ilk response to lobbying by patient or professional groups. But some government officials anti other observers have expresser! concern about whether establishing new centers is the best way to advance research. At the ~ equest of Congress, the IOM is reviewing, flow flee NIH cur- ~e~,tly uses ce~,te~-s of excellence as a ~necl~anis~ for conducting research. Tire study committee is exami~i~g, among oilier twigs, the criteria ant! procedures user! in decicling to establish centers, flow they are designee! ant] acItninistered, flow mucks they cost, flow they are evaluatecI, and flow Riley compare with Oliver mechanisms of research support. In its report, the committee will offer recommendations for improving tire use of centers of excellence, given the many factors that must be taken into account in a specific area of research, i~clt~cti'~g tire burden of clisease, tire state of tire science, the adequacy of the research infrastructure, tire presence of prom- ising research opportunities, and the need for interclisciplirlary approacI~- es to tire problem. The IOM is also continuing its work on the protection of Truman partic- ipants in research. A study now unpiler way is examining the special issues and challenges ilk protecting indiviclual cI~ilcIre~ in clinical research wilily encouraging responsible research to promote tire health and well-being of all children. Another stucly involving children will look at the nations sys- tem for tracking the safety of pediatric medical crevices. Thieve is a pressing need for safer, snore effective, snore acceptable methods of co~traceptio~, especially ~~ tire ctevelopi~g world. Witty sup- ~5

[~;~/3~~r 7~E I holist 6~Al iS~t,~§ IN ~~-AL711 port From the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the IOM is studying novel approaches to contraceptive research Receipt advances in the biomeclical sciences leave provicled exciting new opportunities to gain a better uncler- stancii'~g of tile basic I'iology of reproduction, and Vilest advances nary lead to the discovery of new targets fo'- contraception. In particular; tire tools ant! technologies of genomics ant! proteomics, new fields focused on flow human genes ant! proteins function, could be brought to bear on the cievel- opme~t of radically new al)proacl~es to contraception. Novel models fo' the clevelopme~t of c:l~-ugs ant! other products also may provide insight for creating i~ovative contraceptives, once potential targets leave been iclen- tiffed. Tire study committee will summarize tire current state of contracep- tive research, identify problems tight impecle advances in contraception, and malice recommenciatio'~s for priority areas for future research ant! development. In older men, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) Nay offer a nears of preventing or treating osteoporosis and officer age-associated conditions. Given this promise the government is considering a large-scale clinical trial of TRT. But sucks therapy Solids some r isks, particularly ~ egard- ing prostate ant! cancer otoscopes. At the request of tl~e National Institute on Aging, tire IOM is r eviewing cur r ent knowledge about tire potential ben- eficial and adverse heat effects of TRT in olcler melt. If conclucti'~g a large- scale clinical trial is fount! to be war r anted, tire stucly committee will offer recom~ne~dations off flow surly a study sl~ould be designed, concluctecI, and evaluated. Every year in tire United States, an estimated 10,000 inclividuals suffer a spinal core! injury. There are 500 to 800 cases annually in New YorIc alone. Recently, some states leave allocated funds to support research to improve treatment and ultin~ately find a cure for such injuries. New York has launcl~ed a research p~-ogra~n clirectec! specifically at finding a cure for the paralysis caused by spirea] cold injury, and its legislature leas turned to the lOM foil guidance. A study committee is reviewing current k~owleclge ~ega~di'~g spinal cocci injury. It will identify gaps ill Ic'~owledge, describe tire technological barriers treat hinder research, and l~igI~light areas treat are ripe for future investigation. Tire committee also will identify special strengths and resources treat New YorI; can big to bear in searching for ways to cure spinal cord injury paralysis. Recent decacles leave seen a significant decline in tire number of pl~ysi- cian-scientists in tl~e United States. As physician-scientists are considered ~6

~~"AL1M St Il`-,`~-S AND 710~ ~~t ~ [Ai\7'~3~ critical for the translation of basic discoveries fiom tire bench to tire becI- sicie taxis trend is troubling. Psychiatry leas been licit especially starch. Tire IOM is reviewing the forces treat discourage psychiatry residents from pursuing research training and examining tire experiences of residency programs that successfully incorporate such training. A serious obstacle is tire growing shortage in tire availability of training programs. Moreover; the extensive core requirements for psychiatry residents (especially ifs chilc! psychiatry malce it difficult for then to find time to incorporate traipsing in research. Tire study committee s analysis will suggest strategies to make it easiet for psychiatry residents to participate in research trai~i'~g pro- g'-ams and pursue careers as pl~ysicia~-scientists. A person s behavior a'~c! social circumstances leave a remarI<ably strong eject on Isis or tier health. Taken together behavioral patterns and social circumstances are estimated to account for more than Italy of tire prema- ture cleaths in the Unitec! States each year: Yet meclical scI~ools often clo not cover direst topics, or do so only superficially. IOM is co'~clucting a stucly to identify ways to make the behavioral ant! social sciences an integral part of n~ectical education. Among its efforts, tire stucly committee is reviewing app'oaches used by ~neclical schools that have incur palates! behavioral sci- ences and social sciences into albeit curricula. Based on its analysis, tire committee will propose a list of topic areas treat should be consiclered in designing curricula and suggest ways to encourage meclical schools to adopt tire new curricula in orcler to improve tire eclucatio~ Clay provide tI~eir students. The National Aeronautics ant] Space Adn~inistration (NASA) conducts a wicie-rangin~, program in aerospace medicine and tire medicine of extreme environments Such as tire environment that astronauts would experience cluring lengthy missions to cieep spaced. At NASA's request, the Institute of Medicine is reviewing taxis program. Among the stucly co~nmittee's tasks will be p~ovicling advice concerning tire development of optional health care programs to serve astronauts and allied aerospace personnel, review- ing off updating clinical research requirements and clinical strategies, acid serving as a focal point for all work relating to the practice of ~neclicine cluring space travel. Historically, NASA's research aback clevelopment efforts leave provided outstanding innovative techniques acid products resulting in significant acivanceme'~t of tire general public Stealth ant! quality of life. Allis promise continues, and it is therefore of critical importance that NASA receive tl~e best advice available as it formulates strategic plans for devel- oping tire practice of meclicine ilk space. ~7

Selected Recommendations for Food ant! Nutrition The Role of Nutrition in Improving Human Health: Research agencies should give high priority to the role calf nutrients in human health and the relationship of intake to chronic diseases. For macrunutrients, give priority to long-term, dose-response studies to identify the requirements for individual n~acronutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, that are essential in the diet for all life-stage and gender groups, especially children and the elderly, and to elegance understanding of the beneficial roles of dietary fiber in human health; as well as provide definitive information on the form, frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity to successfully~manage body weight in both children and adults. (Dietary Reference Intake for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acing, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, 2002) The Function of Micronutrients: Research priority should be given to studies to identify and further understand the functional (e.g., cognitive function, regulation of insulin, bone health, and immune function) and biochemical endpoints that reflect sufficient versus insufficient body stores of vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, man- ganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc for various age and gentler groups; and studies to further identify and quantify the effects of interactions between individual micrc~nutrients in the diet as well as interactions between micronutrients and other food com- ponents, the food matrix, and food processing techniques. (Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nicl<e/, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, 2002) Reducing Nutrition Risk: Evidence shows that nearly all low-income women in the child- bearing years and their children five-years-old and younger are at dietary risk and may thus benefitfrom USDA's Women, Infants, and Children~s (WlC's) services. Screening to determine WIC eligibility based on dietary risk as a criterion is thus largely unnecessary for this group. `, , , `, , , i, . In .1 I r .1 1 . r 1. . I . I .... I I I . I .. Further, because ot the complex nature of dietary, physical activity, and behavioral patterns, it is unlikely that a tool can he developed to classify individuals accurately with respect to their true dietary risks; if any tools were adopted for this purpose, they would result in mis- classification of some, and potentially many, individuals. Therefore the committee recommends that all women and two- to five-year-old children who meet the above status requirements should automatically be considered to have also met the criterion for dietary risk—that is, routine failure to consume the recommended number of daily servings speci- fied by the Food Guide Pyramid, in accordance with the Dietary Guidelines. (Dietary Risk As.se.ssment in the WIC Program, 2()()2) Focus on Food Safety: Congress should require the development of a comprehensive nation- al plan to harmonize and integrate the data frown toodborne disease surveillance conducted by public health agencies with data obtained through the n~onitQring of pathogens across the food production, processing, and distribution continuum conducted by food safety regulato- ry agencies. Such integration would reveal the links between specific food groups and food- borne diseases and allow the success of criteria such as performance standards or other inter- ~ventions to be measured. Furthel; Congress should grant the regulatory agencies clear a~lthor- ity to establish, implement, and enforce food safety criteria including performance standards, and the flexibility needed within the administrative process to :update these criteria. ~ Clear, science-based procedures and methodologies should be adopted by regulatory agen- : cies to develop food safety criteiia and monitor compliance with such criteria. (Scientific Cr~tena to Ensure Safe Food, 2003) ~ ~ ~ ~~

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