TABLE E-1 Commonly Used Quality Measures by Measure Type
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
STRUCTURAL MEASURES |
The committee found no explicit structural measures in use; however, certain process measures such as visits with HIV specialists imply the availability of appropriate health care resources. |
|
PROCESS MEASURES |
Prevention |
|
|
Counseling and testing |
HIVQUAL |
Counseling on high-risk behaviors |
RAND |
|
Tobacco use assessment |
HIVQUAL |
|
Screening & Monitoring |
|
|
CD4+ cell count |
HCSUS |
|
CD4+ cell count |
IHI |
|
CD4+ cell count |
UHC |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
FACCT |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
IDSA |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
QUERI |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
RAND |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
RAND |
|
CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load |
UHC |
|
Cervical cancer |
EQHIV |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Pregnant women |
The number of pregnant women with counseling offered and testing performed during the prenatal period |
All |
Counseled regarding high risk behavior at time of HIV diagnosis and within one month of presentation with an initial infection of STD |
All |
Number of patients with whom tobacco use was discussed during the past year |
All |
At least one CD4+ cell count determination per studied 6 month interval, by chart review or interview |
All |
Percent with CD4+ cell count taken in the past 6 months |
All |
Semi-annual CD4+ cell count attainment (most recent 6 months) |
1) If CD4+ cell count > 300 cells/µL; 2) If CD4+ cell count <300 cells/µL |
1) CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load every 6 months; 2) CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load every 3 months |
Patients being followed actively (having at least 1 visit in last 6 months) |
Percent with CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load; every 3–4 months when CD4+ cell count is <350/µL or every 6–7 months when CD4+ cell count is >350/µL |
1) Patients on HAART; 2) All |
1) CD4+ cell count or HIV viral load test every 3 months; 2) CD4+ cell count or HIV viral load test every 6 months |
CD4+ cell count > 300 cells/µL |
Offer of CD4+ test (count or percent) and HIV viral load every 6 months |
patients with detectable HIV viral loads |
Offer HIV viral load every 4 months |
All |
1 each (CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load) in 2 consecutive 6-month periods |
All females |
Documentation of Pap smear or colposcopy |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Cervical cancer |
EQHIV |
Cervical cancer |
FACCT |
|
Cervical cancer |
HCSUS |
|
Cervical cancer |
IDSA |
|
Cervical cancer |
IHI |
|
Cervical cancer |
UHC |
|
Cervical cancer and other pelvic disease |
HIVQUAL |
|
Complete blood count |
FACCT |
|
Complete blood count, CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load |
RAND |
|
Complete blood count, CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load |
RAND |
|
Cytomegalovirus disease |
FACCT |
|
Cytomegalovirus disease |
HCSUS |
|
Cytomegalovirus disease |
RAND |
|
Hepatitis A |
QUERI |
|
Hepatitis B |
FACCT |
|
Hepatitis B |
QUERI |
|
Hepatitis B |
UHC |
|
Hepatitis B and C |
IHI |
|
Hepatitis C |
EQHIV |
|
Hepatitis C |
EQHIV |
|
Hepatitis C |
FACCT |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Females with abnormal Pap smear |
Repeat of Pap smear |
All females |
Annual Pap smear |
All females |
All Pap smears according to guidelines (currently baseline, 6 months, and every 12 months thereafter if normal) |
HIV-infected adult and adolescent women being followed |
Percent who had at least one Pap smear done in the past year |
All females |
Percent with Pap smear in last 6 months |
All females |
Percent with Pap smear (between 9/2000 and 9/2001) |
All females 18 years or older AND sexually active female patients 13 to 18 years of age |
Number of patients with a pelvic exam recorded in the last year (pelvic exam includes Pap smear; chlamydia screen; gonorrhea test) |
All |
Complete blood count at first visit |
All |
Offer baseline laboratories (complete blood count, HIV viral load, CD4+ cell count) within one month of initial diagnosis |
Patients on antiretroviral therapy |
Offer CD4+ cell count or percent, HIV viral load and complete blood count within past 4 months |
1) All; 2) CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/µL |
1) Cytomegalovirum IgG determination; 2) Annual fundoscopic exam |
All, as indicated |
Fundoscopic exam by eye care provider |
Lowest recorded CD4+ cell count of less than 100 cells/µL |
Receipt of yearly fundoscopic exam |
All |
Receipt of hepatitis A test (ever) |
All |
Hepatitis B antibody determination |
All |
Receipt of hepatitis B test (ever) |
All |
Hepatitis B serology attainment (ever) |
All |
Percent with hepatitis B & C screening |
All |
Hepatitis C status was known (whether positive or negative) |
All |
Appropriate hepatitis C screening |
All |
Hepatitis C antibody determination |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Hepatitis C |
HIVQUAL |
Hepatitis C |
HIVQUAL |
|
Hepatitis C |
HIVQUAL |
|
Hepatitis C |
QUERI |
|
Hepatitis C |
UHC |
|
HIV Specialist Visits |
HIVQUAL |
|
Lipid screening (for disease and drug related metabolic abnormalities) |
HIVQUAL (optional measure) |
|
Lipid screening (for disease and drug related metabolic abnormalities) |
QUERI |
|
Oral Health / Dental exam |
HIVQUAL (optional measure) |
|
Outpatient visits |
IHI* |
|
Outpatient visits |
EQHIV |
|
Syphilis |
FACCT |
|
Syphilis |
HCSUS |
|
Syphilis |
HIVQUAL |
|
Syphilis |
HIVQUAL |
|
Syphilis |
HIVQUAL |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
All |
The number of patients for whom hepatitis C was document in the medical record |
HCV+ patients |
The number for whom alcohol counseling and HCV education was provided |
All |
The number of patients for whom hepatitis A status was documented. |
All |
Receipt of hepatitis C test (ever) |
All |
Hepatitis C serology attainment (ever) |
All; with exception of those either incarcerated or hospitalized and with no ambulatory clinic visits during 4-month review period |
Number of patients who are seen by an HIV specialist at least once every 4 months |
Patients receiving antiretroviral therapy |
The number of patients for whom lipid screen was performed during the past year |
Patients on protease inhibitors (PI) or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) for consecutive months |
Receipt of lipid panel testing |
All |
The number of patients with a dental exam documented during the past year |
All |
Percent with visit(s) in last 3 months |
All |
Have outpatient visits in 3 or 4 quarter during review period. |
All |
Serologic test for syphilis measured at least once |
All |
Any serologic test for syphilis performed |
All patients 18 years or older AND sexually active patients 13 to 18 years of age |
The number of patients for whom syphilis screening was performed in the last year |
Patients with reactive RPR/VDRL |
Number with RPR/VDRL titer result verified (FTA-ABS) |
Patients with positive serology |
Number of patients that have been addressed in the chart |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Syphilis |
QUERI |
Syphilis |
RAND |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
FACCT |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
HCSUS |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
QUERI |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
RAND |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
UHC |
|
Tuberculosis |
EQHIV |
|
Tuberculosis |
EQHIV |
|
Tuberculosis |
FACCT |
|
Tuberculosis |
HCSUS |
|
Tuberculosis |
HIVQUAL |
|
Tuberculosis |
IDSA |
|
Tuberculosis |
IHI |
|
HIV viral load |
HCSUS |
|
HIV viral load |
HIVQUAL |
|
HIV viral load |
IHI |
|
HIV viral load |
RAND |
|
HIV viral load |
UHC |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
All |
Receipt of VDRL test ever |
All |
Documented serologic test for syphilis (VDRL or RPR) |
All |
Toxoplasma IgG antibody measured at least once |
All |
Toxoplasma IgG antibody determination noted in chart |
All |
Receipt of toxoplasmosis test (ever) |
All |
Toxoplasmosis serology should be documented |
All |
Toxoplasmosis serology attainment ever |
All |
Documentation of PPD (skin test for TB) during the review period |
All |
Documentation of PPD (skin test for TB) during the review period and that it was actually read |
All |
PPD (skin test for TB) if no prior positive test |
All |
1) PPD (skin test for TB) ever documented in chart or by interview. 2) periodic PPD tests (skin test for TB) documented in chart or by interview |
All |
The number of patients whose PPD (skin test for TB) was placed and results read during the past year |
HIV-infected persons being followed |
Percent who had a documented tuberculin skin test at any time |
All |
Percent with PPD (skin test for TB) |
All |
At least one HIV viral load determination per measured 6 month interval, by chart review or interview |
All; with exception of those either incarcerated or hospitalized and with no ambulatory clinic visits during 4-month review period |
The number of patients for whom HIV viral load test was performed every 4 months |
All |
Percent with HIV viral load tests taken in past 3 months |
Patients on antiretroviral therapy |
Offer HIV viral load measurement within 2 months of initiation or change in antiretroviral treatment |
All |
Semi-annual HIV viral load attainment (most recent 6 months) |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Treatment (Antiretroviral) |
|
Appropriate management of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) |
HIVQUAL |
|
Appropriate management of patients on ART |
HIVQUAL |
|
Appropriate management of patients on ART |
HIVQUAL |
|
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
IHI* |
|
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
HIVQUAL |
|
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
IHI |
|
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
RAND |
|
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
UHC |
|
Provision of indicated ART |
IHI* |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Patients who are receiving ART therapy, received ART therapy in the past, or are eligible for ART therapy based on New York State ART therapy guidelines; virologically stable |
The number of stable patients for whom HIV viral load is monitored every 4 months |
Patients who are receiving ART therapy, received ART therapy in the past, or are eligible for ART therapy based on New York State ART therapy guidelines; virologically unstable |
One of the following four management options is documented in the medical record in every 4-month period that the patient is considered unstable: (1) regimen was changed and HIV viral load assay performed within 8 weeks of decision; (2) justification provided not to change therapy and HIV viral load assay performed within 8 weeks of decision; (3) documentation that patient decides not to take medication and HIV viral load assay performed within 4 months; (4) decision made to discontinue therapy and planned clinical follow-up plan noted in record within 4 months |
Patients who are receiving ART therapy, received ART therapy in the past, or are eligible for ART therapy based on New York State ART therapy guidelines; end stage or patients with no other therapeutic options |
The number of patients for whom a follow-up clinic visit is recorded every 4 months |
Patients on HAART |
Percent with adherence counseling/intervention at their last visit |
Patients prescribed antiretroviral therapy |
Adherence is measured and described quantitatively at least once every 4 months |
Patients on HAART |
Percent who self-report adherence to prescribed regimen according to some standard method (3 months) |
Patients started on protease inhibitors |
Documented counseling regarding compliance with therapy within 1 month of the start of therapy. |
Patients on antiretroviral therapy |
Documentation of adherence to ART at most recent visit |
All |
Percent on HAART |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Patients with CD4+ <500 cells/µL or HIV viral load >20,000 copies |
On HAART (defined as three or more antiretroviral medications) |
Patients with CD4+ <500 cells/µL or HIV viral load >20,000 copies |
On ART (defined as two or more antiretroviral medications) |
Patients with AIDS diagnosis or symptomatic HIV disease; or patients with no symptoms, but CD4+ cell count <500 cells/µL or HIV viral load >20,000 (using RT-PCR) |
Initiation of ART—Preferred treatment (1 highly active protease inhibitor + 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) or Alternative treatment (1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or Saquinavir + 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) |
Proportion of patients with indications for antiretroviral therapy according to prevailing DHHS guidelines (CD4-cell count <350/µL or HIV viral load >30,000 at the time of the study) documented by chart review or interview over a 6-month period |
Receipt of any DHHS recommended combination antiretroviral regimen during that time period or in the following 3 months |
Patients with CD4+ cell count count <350/µL now or in the past |
Percent who have taken part in a discussion about prescription of HAART, as indicated in the medical record. |
Patients on HAART |
Percent who are on first HAART regimen |
Patients with CD4+ cell count < 350/µL and/or HIV viral load >20,000 copies |
Percent on HAART for at least 3 out of 6 months (not necessarily consecutive) |
Patients with any of the following conditions: CD4+ cell count count ≥ 500 cells/µL and HIV viral load > 30,000 copies; CD4+ cell count count 350–499 and HIV viral load >10,000 copies; CD4+ cell count count <300; any AIDS-defining condition; thrush |
Receive adequate antiretroviral treatment (or be enrolled in a clinical trial with documentation of informed consent) within 1 month of conditions being met |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Provision of indicated ART |
RAND |
Provision of indicated ART |
UHC |
|
Provision of indicated ART |
UHC |
|
Regimen change |
IHI |
|
Treatment (Prophylaxis) |
|
|
Hepatitis B |
FACCT |
|
Hepatitis B |
UHC |
|
Influenza |
EQHIV |
|
Influenza |
FACCT |
|
Influenza |
HCSUS |
|
Influenza |
IDSA |
|
Influenza |
UHC |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
FACCT |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
HCSUS |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
IDSA |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
QUERI |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
All |
Protease inhibitors should not be prescribed concurrently with astemizole, terfenadine, rifampin, or cisapride. |
Patients with CD4+ <200 cells/µL |
Taking at least three antiretroviral agents |
Patients on antiretroviral therapy |
Regimen contains at least three antiretroviral agents |
All |
Percent who had their medication regimen changed in the last month |
Hepatitis B antigen and antibody negative |
Received three injection series of hepatitis B vaccine |
All patients without prior infection |
Hepatitis B vaccination series completed or in progress |
All |
Documentation of influenza vaccine during review period. Patient refused was included as having documentation |
All |
Receipt of influenza vaccine annually |
All |
Receipt of influenza vaccination during the year under study |
All |
Monitoring of CD4+ cell counts and HIV HIV viral loads |
All |
Receipt of influenza vaccination |
Patients with a CD4+ cell count of less than 50 cells/µL |
Taking arithromycin, clarithromycin, or rifabutin in recommended doses for recommended duration |
Patients with a CD4+ cell count of less than 50 cells/µL noted in chart or interview period in the previous 9 months |
Receipt of any CDC/IDSA recommended form of prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex infection |
Patients whose current CD4+ cell count is <50/µL |
Percent who have been offered chemoprophylaxis with clarithromycin or azithromycin within 2 months of determination that the CD4+ lymphocyte count is <50/µL |
Patients with CD4+ cell count <50/µL |
Receipt of at least one MAC drug class in prior 6 months |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
RAND |
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) |
UHC |
|
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
FACCT |
|
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
HCSUS |
|
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
IHI |
|
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
RAND |
|
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
UHC |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
FACCT |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
HCSUS |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
HIVQUAL (optional measure) |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
IDSA |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
IHI |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
QUERI |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) |
RAND |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
CD4+ cell count dropping below 50/µL |
Offer of MAC prophylaxis within 1 month of drop in cell count below 50 CD4+ cells/µL |
Most recent CD4+ cell count <50/µL |
Receipt of MAC prophylaxis |
All (optional if CD4+ cell count <200/µL |
Receipt of Pneumovax® (pneumococcal vaccination) (once) |
All |
Receipt of Pneumovax® (pneumococcal vaccination) (ever) |
All |
Percent with documented Pneumovax® (pneumococcal vaccination) in last 5 years |
Patients with lowest recorded CD4+ cell count > 200/µL |
Documentation of Pneumovax® (pneumococcal vaccination) receipt |
All |
Receipt of Pneumovax® (pneumococcal vaccination) |
CD4+ cell count 200/µL or CD4% <15%. Or oral thrush or fever for ≥2 weeks |
Receipt of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Dapsone, or Aerosolized pentamidine in recommended doses for recommended duration |
Patients with a CD4+ cell count of less than 200 cells/µL noted in chart or interview period in the previous 9 months |
Receipt of any CDC/IDSA recommended form of prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii |
Patients with CD4+ cell count <200/µL (patients with CD4+ cell count >200/ µL for less than 6 months are also eligible for review) |
The number of patients prescribed PCP prophylactic therapy |
Patients with CD4+ cell count currently <200/µL |
Percent who were prescribed PCP prophylaxis within 2 months of determination of the CD4+ cell count to be <200/µL |
Patients with CD4+ cell count <200 µL at last visit (within 3 months) |
Percent with PCP prophylaxis (within last 3 months) |
Patients with CD4+ cell count <200/µL |
Receipt of at least one PCP drug class for 2 consecutive months in prior 6 months |
CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/µL, completion of active treatment of PCP, or CD4 below 15%. |
Offer PCP prophylaxis within 1 month of these conditions |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Most recent CD4-cell count <200/µL |
Receipt of PCP prophylaxis |
Positive antibody (IgG) to toxoplasma present and CD4+ <50 cells/µL |
Receipt of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or Dapsone plus pyrimethamine, in recommended doses for recommended duration |
Patients who do not have active toxoplasmosis and who meet either of the following conditions: Toxo IgG positive; or completion of therapy for active toxoplasmosis |
Offered toxoplasmosis prophylaxis within 1 month of meeting all these conditions |
Patients with tuberculin skin test >5ml or prior positive without treatment or contact with active case of tuberculosis |
Receipt of isoniazid plus pyridoxine or rifampin in recommended doses for recommended duration |
Patients who do not have active TB and who have not ever previously received TB prophylaxis with current PPD (skin test for TB) >5 mm; or provider noting that patient has had PPD (skin test for TB) >5 mm administered at anytime since HIV diagnosis |
Offer of tuberculosis prophylaxis within one month of these conditions |
Patients with a need for help in obtaining income assistance such as SSI, SSDI, AFDC, or health care benefits from Medicaid or the VA in the last 6 months as reported at interview |
No unmet need |
Patients with need for help in obtaining mental health or emotional care or counseling in the last 6 months as reported at interview |
No unmet need |
Measure Type |
Measure |
Source |
|
Home Health Services |
HCSUS |
Housing |
HCSUS |
|
Mental Health Assessment |
HIVQUAL |
|
Self-management goal setting |
IHI |
|
Substance abuse services |
HCSUS |
|
Substance abuse services |
HIVQUAL |
|
Substance abuse services |
HIVQUAL |
|
Substance abuse services |
HIVQUAL |
|
Support Service |
IHI |
|
OUTCOME MEASURES |
Health Outcomes |
|
|
CD4+ cell count |
IHI |
CD4+ cell count |
IHI* |
|
CD4+ cell count |
IHI |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Patients with need for help in obtaining home health care in the last 6 months as reported at interview |
No unmet need |
Patients with a need for help in finding a place to live in the last 6 months as reported at interview |
No unmet need |
All |
The number of patients for whom a mental health assessment was performed during the past year. Assessment components include: cognitive function; screening for depression and anxiety; psychiatric history; psychiatric medication review; psychosocial assessment; sleeping and appetite assessment |
All |
Percent with self-management goal setting |
Patients with need for help in obtaining drug or alcohol treatment in the last 6 months as reported at interview |
No unmet need |
All |
The number of patients with whom substance use was discussed in the past year |
Patients with current use (0–6 months from date of review) and not in treatment |
Number for whom referrals are made for substance use treatment |
Patients with past use (6–24 months from date of review) |
Number with whom relapse prevention or ongoing treatment has been discussed and substance use within the last 12 months assessed. |
All |
Percent with Support Service Assessment |
All patients with CD4+ cell count in last 3 months |
Average of the last CD4+ cell count |
Patients on HAART |
Percent with CD4+ cell count >200/µL |
All with at least two CD4+ cell count in last 6 months |
Percent with CD4+ cell count rise of >50/µL in the past 6 months |
Eligible Population |
Measure Criterion/Definition |
Patients with CD4+ cell count <200/µL |
CD4+ cell count increased to >200/µL at the last visit |
All |
Last CD4+ cell count recorded were <200/µL |
All |
Non-injury-related emergency room visits per patient per year UHC categorized this measure under Resource Utilization |
All |
Non-injury-related hospitalizations per patient per year UHC categorized this measure under Resource Utilization |
All |
Percent with hospitalizations within the last month |
Patients on HAART |
Percent with undetectable HIV viral load |
Patients on HAART (defined as three or more antiretroviral medications) |
HIV viral load between 0 and 399 copies |
Patients on HAART (defined as three or more antiretroviral medications) |
HIV viral load between 400 and 19,999 copies |
Patients on HAART (defined as three or more antiretroviral medications) |
HIV viral load > 20,000 copies |
TABLE E-2 Frequency of Process and Outcome Measures by Source
|
EQHIV |
FACCT |
PREVENTION |
|
|
Counseling and testing (pregnant women) |
||
Counseling on high-risk behaviors |
||
Tobacco use assessment |
||
SCREENING & MONITORING |
||
CD4+ cell count |
|
√ |
Cervical cancer and other pelvic disease |
√ |
√ |
Complete blood count |
|
√ |
Cytomegalovirus disease |
|
√ |
Hepatitis A |
|
|
Hepatitis B and/or C |
√ |
√ |
HIV specialists visit |
|
|
Lipid screening |
||
Oral health/dental exam |
||
Outpatient visits |
√ |
|
Syphilis |
|
√ |
Toxoplasmosis |
|
√ |
Tuberculosis |
√ |
√ |
HIV viral load |
|
√ |
ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ART) |
|
|
Appropriate management of patients on ART |
||
Provision of adherence counseling and/or monitoring |
||
Provision of indicated ART |
√ |
√ |
Regimen change |
|
|
PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT |
|
|
Hepatitis B |
|
√ |
Influenza |
√ |
√ |
Mycobacterium avium complex |
|
√ |
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
√ |
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |
√ |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
√ |
|
Tuberculosis |
√ |
|
SOCIAL AND SUPPORT SERVICES |
|
|
Benefits advocacy |
||
Emotional counseling |
||
Home health services |
||
Housing |
||
Mental health assessment |
||
Self-management goal setting |
||
Substance abuse services |
||
Support services |
REFERENCES
Anaya H. 2003. QUERI Indicators. (Email communication, Henry Anaya, Department of Veterans Affairs, May 12, 2003).
Asch S. 2003. Table 2: Adherence to Quality Indicators in HIV. (Email communication, Steven Asch, The RAND Corporation).
Asch SM, Kerr EA, Hamilton EG, Reifel JL, McGlynn EA, Editors. 2000. Quality of Care for Oncologic Conditions and HIV: A Review of the Literature and Quality Indicators. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Health.
Cleary P. 2003. EQHIV Chart Review Dependent Variables. (Email communication, Paul Cleary, Harvard Medical School, December 9, 2003).
Gross PA, Asch S, Kitahata M, Freedberg KA, Barr D, Melnick DA, Bozzette S. 2000. Performance measures for guidelines on preventing opportunistic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 30(Suppl 1):S85–S93.
IHI (Institute for Healthcare Improvement). 2003. Improving Care for People Infected with HIV. [Online]. Available: http://www.ihi.org/collaboratives/breakthroughseries/HIV/charter.asp [accessed July 31, 2003].
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute and Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau (NYSDHAI and HRSA/HAB). 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.hivguidelines.org/public_html/center/quality-of-care/qoc-ny-indicators.htm.
UHC (University Health System Consortium). 2002. HIV Ambulatory Care Clinical Benchmarking Executive Summary. 12.
Wu A, Gifford A. 1998. Quality of Care Indicators for HIV/AIDS: A Discussion Paper for the Foundation for Accountability . [Online]. Available: http://www.facct.org/facct/doclibFiles/documentFile_302.pdf [accessed July 31, 2003].
Wu AW, Gifford A, Asch S, Cohn SE, Bozzette SA, Yurk R. 2000. Quality-of-care indicators for HIV/AIDS. Disease Management and Health Outcomes 7(6):315–30.