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OCR for page 179
Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
C
Reference Tables
OCR for page 180
Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-1 Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Average Requirements
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (µg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin E (mg/d)b
Thiamin (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)c
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (µg/d)d
Infants
7–12 mo
Children
1–3 y
210
13
5
0.4
0.4
5
0.4
120
4–8 y
275
22
6
0.5
0.5
6
0.5
160
Males
9–13 y
445
39
9
0.7
0.8
9
0.8
250
14–18 y
630
63
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
330
19–30 y
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
320
31–50 y
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.1
320
51–70 y
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.4
320
> 70 y
625
75
12
1.0
1.1
12
1.4
320
Females
9–13 y
420
39
9
0.7
0.8
9
0.8
250
14–18 y
485
56
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.0
330
19–30 y
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.1
320
31–50 y
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.1
320
51–70 y
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.3
320
> 70 y
500
60
12
0.9
0.9
11
1.3
320
Pregnancy
14–18 y
530
66
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
520
19–30 y
550
70
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
520
31–50 y
550
70
12
1.2
1.2
14
1.6
520
Lactation
14–18 y
880
96
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
450
19–30 y
900
100
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
450
31–50 y
900
100
16
1.2
1.3
13
1.7
450
NOTE: This table presents EARs, which serve two purposes: for assessing adequacy of population intakes and as the basis for calculating Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for individuals for those nutrients. EARs have not been established for vitamin D, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, calcium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAE). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
Vitamin B12 (μg/d)
Copper (µg/d)
Iodine (µg/d)
Iron (µg/d)
Magnesium (µg/d)
Molybdenum (µg/d)
Phosphorus (µg/d)
Selenium (µg/d)
Zinc (µg/d)
6.9
2.5
0.7
260
65
3.0
65
13
380
17
2.5
1.0
340
65
4.1
110
17
405
23
4.0
1.5
540
73
5.9
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
2.0
685
95
7.7
340
33
1,055
45
8.5
2.0
700
95
6
330
34
580
45
9.4
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
2.0
700
95
6
350
34
580
45
9.4
1.5
540
73
5.7
200
26
1,055
35
7.0
2.0
685
95
7.9
300
33
1,055
45
7.3
2.0
700
95
8.1
255
34
580
45
6.8
2.0
700
95
8.1
265
34
580
45
6.8
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
2.0
700
95
5
265
34
580
45
6.8
2.2
785
160
23
335
40
1,055
49
10.5
2.2
800
160
22
290
40
580
49
9.5
2.2
800
160
22
300
40
580
49
9.5
2.4
985
209
7
300
35
1,055
59
10.9
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
255
36
580
59
10.4
2.4
1,000
209
6.5
265
36
580
59
10.4
cAs niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
dAs dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCE: IOM (1997, 1998, 2000b, 2001).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-2 Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (μg/d)a
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)b,c
Vitamin E (mg/d)d
Vitamin K (μg/d)
Thiamin (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
400*
40*
5*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
7–12 mo
500*
50*
5*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
Children
1–3 y
300
15
5*
6
30*
0.5
4–8 y
400
25
5*
7
55*
0.6
Males
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
900
75
5*
15
75*
1.2
19–30 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
31–50 y
900
90
5*
15
120*
1.2
51–70 y
900
90
10*
15
120*
1.2
> 70 y
900
90
15*
15
120*
1.2
Females
9–13 y
600
45
5*
11
60*
0.9
14–18 y
700
65
5*
15
75*
1.0
19–30 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
31–50 y
700
75
5*
15
90*
1.1
51–70 y
700
75
10*
15
90*
1.1
> 70 y
700
75
15*
15
90*
1.1
Pregnancy
14–18 y
750
80
5*
15
75*
1.4
19–30 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
31–50 y
770
85
5*
15
90*
1.4
Lactation
14–18 y
1,200
115
5*
19
75*
1.4
19–30 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
31–50 y
1,300
120
5*
19
90*
1.4
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevents being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
aAs retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. To calculate RAEs from REs of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide the REs by 2. For preformed vitamin A in foods or supplements and for provitamin A carotenoids in supplements, 1 RE = 1 RAE.
bAs calciferol. 1 μg calciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
cIn the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
dAs α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol includes RRR-α-tocopherol, the only form of α-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)e
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)f
Vitamin B12 (μg/d)
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)
Biotin (μg/d)
Choline (mg/d)g
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4h
5*
30*
550*
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
1.0
14
1.2
400i
2.4
5*
25*
400*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.3
400i
2.4
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4h
5*
30*
425*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.4
18
1.9
600j
2.6
6*
30*
450*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
eAs niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
fAs dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
gAlthough AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
hBecause 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
iIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
jIt is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCE: IOM (1997, 1998, 2000b, 2001).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-3 Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements
Life Stage Group
Calcium (mg/d)
Chromium (μg/d)
Copper (μg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
210*
0.2*
200*
0.01*
110*
0.27*
7–12 mo
270*
5.5*
220*
0.5*
130*
11
Children
1–3 y
500*
11*
340
0.7*
90
7
4–8 y
800*
15*
440
1*
90
10
Males
9–13 y
1,300*
25*
700
2*
120
8
14–18 y
1,300*
35*
890
3*
150
11
19–30 y
1,000*
35*
900
4*
150
8
31–50 y
1,000*
35*
900
4*
150
8
51–70 y
1,200*
30*
900
4*
150
8
> 70 y
1,200*
30*
900
4*
150
8
Females
9–13 y
1,300*
21*
700
2*
120
8
14–18 y
1,300*
24*
890
3*
150
15
19–30 y
1,000*
25*
900
3*
150
18
31–50 y
1,000*
25*
900
3*
150
18
51–70 y
1,200*
20*
900
3*
150
8
> 70 y
1,200*
20*
900
3*
150
8
Pregnancy
14–18 y
1,300*
29*
1,000
3*
220
27
19–30 y
1,000*
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
31–50 y
1,000*
30*
1,000
3*
220
27
Lactation
14–18 y
1,300*
44*
1,300
3*
290
10
19–30 y
1,000*
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
31–50 y
1,000*
45*
1,300
3*
290
9
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy infants fed human milk, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevents being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
Magnesium (mg/d)
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Zinc (mg/d)
30*
0.003*
2*
100*
15*
2*
75*
0.6*
3*
275*
20*
3
80
1.2*
17
460
20
3
130
1.5*
22
500
30
5
240
1.9*
34
1,250
40
8
410
2.2*
43
1,250
55
11
400
2.3*
45
700
55
11
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
420
2.3*
45
700
55
11
240
1.6*
34
1,250
40
8
360
1.6*
43
1,250
55
9
310
1.8*
45
700
55
8
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
320
1.8*
45
700
55
8
400
2.0*
50
1,250
60
12
350
2.0*
50
700
60
11
360
2.0*
50
700
60
11
360
2.6*
50
1,250
70
13
310
2.6*
50
700
70
12
320
2.6*
50
700
70
12
SOURCE: IOM (1997, 2000b, 2001).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-4 Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Macronutrients
Life Stage Group
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Total Fiber (g/d)
Fat (g/d)
Linoleic Acid (g/d)
α-Linolenic Acid (g/d)
Proteina (g/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
60*
ND
31*
4.4*
0.5*
9.1*
7–12 mo
95*
ND
30*
4.6*
0.5*
13.5
Children
1–3 y
130
19*
ND
7*
0.7*
13
4–8 y
130
25*
ND
10*
0.9*
19
Males
9–13 y
130
26*
ND
12*
1.2*
34
14–18 y
130
38*
ND
16*
1.6*
52
19–30 y
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
31–50 y
130
38*
ND
17*
1.6*
56
51–70 y
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
> 70 y
130
30*
ND
14*
1.6*
56
Females
9–13 y
130
31*
ND
10*
1.0*
34
14–18 y
130
26*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
19–30 y
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
31–50 y
130
25*
ND
12*
1.1*
46
51–70 y
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
> 70 y
130
21*
ND
11*
1.1*
46
Pregnancy
14–18 y
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
19–30 y
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
31–50 y
175
28*
ND
13*
1.4*
71
Lactation
14–18 y
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
19–30 y
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
31–50 y
210
29*
ND
13*
1.3*
71
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy infants fed human milk, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevents being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
aBased on 0.8 g protein/kg body weight for reference body weight.
SOURCE: IOM (2002a).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-5 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Range (% of energy)
Macronutrient
Children, 1–3 y
Children, 4–18 y
Adults
Fat
30–40
25–35
20–35
n-6 polyunsaturated fats (linoleic acid)
5–10
5–10
5–10
n-3 polyunsaturated fatsa (α-linolenic acid)
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
0.6–1.2
Carbohydrate
45–65
45–65
45–65
Protein
5–20
10–30
10–35
aApproximately 10% of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 fatty acids.
SOURCE: IOM (2002a).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-6 Dietary Reference Intakes: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins
Life Stage Group
Vitamin A (μg/d)b
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)
Vitamin E (mg/d)c,d
Vitamin K
Thiamin
Infants
0–6 mo
600
NDf
25
ND
ND
ND
7–12 mo
600
ND
25
ND
ND
ND
Children
1–3 y
600
400
50
200
ND
ND
4–8 y
900
650
50
300
ND
ND
Males, Females
9–13 y
1,700
1,200
50
600
ND
ND
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–70 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
> 70 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
Pregnancy
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–50 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
Lactation
14–18 y
2,800
1,800
50
800
ND
ND
19–50 y
3,000
2,000
50
1,000
ND
ND
aUL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, or carotenoids. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
bAs preformed vitamin A only.
cAs α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
Riboflavin
Niacin (mg/d)d
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (μg/d)d
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
Choline (g/d)
Carotenoidse
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
30
300
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
ND
15
40
400
ND
ND
ND
1.0
ND
ND
20
60
600
ND
ND
ND
2.0
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
ND
30
80
800
ND
ND
ND
3.0
ND
ND
35
100
1,000
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
dThe ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
eβ-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
fND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCE: IOM (1997, 1998, 2000b, 2001).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-7 Dietary Reference Intakes: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Elements
Life Stage Group
Arsenicb
Boron (mg/d)
Calcium (g/d)
Chromium
Copper (μg/d)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Iron (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
NDf
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.7
ND
40
7–12 mo
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.9
ND
40
Children
1–3 y
ND
3
2.5
ND
1,000
1.3
200
40
4–8 y
ND
6
2.5
ND
3,000
2.2
300
40
Males, Females
9–13 y
ND
11
2.5
ND
5,000
10
600
40
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19–70 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
> 70 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
Pregnancy
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19–50 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
Lactation
14–18 y
ND
17
2.5
ND
8,000
10
900
45
19–50 y
ND
20
2.5
ND
10,000
10
1,100
45
aUL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic, chromium, and silicon. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
bAlthough the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements.
cThe ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water.
dAlthough silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
Magnesium (mg/d)c
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Nickel (mg/d)
Phosphorus (g/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Silicond
Vanadium (mg/d)e
Zinc (mg/d)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
45
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
60
ND
ND
5
65
2
300
0.2
3
90
ND
ND
7
110
3
600
0.3
3
150
ND
ND
12
350
6
1,100
0.6
4
280
ND
ND
23
350
9
1,700
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
34
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
1.8
40
350
11
2,000
1.0
3
400
ND
1.8
40
350
9
1,700
1.0
3.5
400
ND
ND
34
350
11
2,000
1.0
3.5
400
ND
ND
40
350
9
1,700
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
34
350
11
2,000
1.0
4
400
ND
ND
40
eAlthough vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents.
fND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
SOURCE: IOM (1997, 2000b, 2001).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-8 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations
Macronutrient
Recommendation
Dietary cholesterol
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Trans fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Saturated fatty acids
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet
Added sugars
Limit to no more than 25% of total energy
SOURCE: IOM (2002a).
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Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification
TABLE C-9 Reference Values for Nutrition Labeling, Based on a 2,000-Calorie Intake, for Adults and Children 4 or More Years of Age
Nutrient
Unit of Measure
Daily Value
Total fat
Grams (g)
65
Saturated fatty acids
Grams (g)
20
Cholesterol
Milligrams (mg)
300
Sodium
Milligrams (mg)
2,400
Potassium
Milligrams (mg)
3,500
Total carbohydrate
Grams (g)
300
Fiber
Grams (g)
25
Protein
Grams (g)
50
Vitamin A
International Unit (IU)
5,000
Vitamin C
Milligrams (mg)
60
Calcium
Milligrams (mg)
1,000
Iron
Milligrams (mg)
18
Vitamin D
International Unit (IU)
400
Vitamin E
International Unit (IU)
30
Vitamin K
Micrograms (μg)
80
Thiamin
Milligrams (mg)
1.5
Riboflavin
Milligrams (mg)
1.7
Niacin
Milligrams (mg)
20
Vitamin B6
Milligrams (mg)
2.0
Folate
Micrograms (μg)
400
Vitamin B12
Micrograms (μg)
6.0
Biotin
Micrograms (μg)
300
Pantothenic acid
Milligrams (mg)
10
Phosphorus
Milligrams (mg)
1,000
Iodine
Micrograms (μg)
150
Magnesium
Milligrams (mg)
400
Zinc
Milligrams (mg)
15
Selenium
Micrograms (μg)
70
Copper
Milligrams (mg)
2.0
Manganese
Milligrams (mg)
2.0
Chromium
Micrograms (μg)
120
Molybdenum
Micrograms (μg)
75
Chloride
Milligrams (mg)
3,400
NOTE: Based on reference caloric intake of 2,000 calories.
SOURCE: CFSAN (1999).
Representative terms from entire chapter:
fortified foods
