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Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review
Source
Modification
Violent Crime
Murder
Rape
Standard errors
Lott (2000)
Unadjusted standard errors
0.98
1.57
1.22
Duggan
State clustered standard errors
2.31
2.95
2.32
Helland and Tabarrok
Placebo standard errors
4.9
6.4
5.6
aUses clustered sampling standard errors.
bAdded covariates for state poverty, unemployment, death penalty execution rates, and regional time trends.
TABLE 6-4 Summary of Selected Studies: Trend and Hybrid Variable Model (shaded cells indicate a positive coefficient)
Regional trends + other controls 1977-2000 corrected data
0
–2
–2
aAdded covariates for state poverty, unemployment, death penalty execution rates, and regional time trends.
bStandard errors adjusted for state clustering.
its murder rate. The estimated changes in the murder rates of other states that adopted right-to-carry laws are sometimes positive (three cases) and sometimes negative (five cases) and are not statistically significantly different from zero. Black and Nagin also report variations in the directions and statistical significance of changes in the rates of rape and aggravated assault. They report no statistically significant increases in robberies, but only 2 of the 10 states that adopted right-to-carry laws had statistically signifi-
