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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Criminal justice interventions enhanced sentences for criminal use of firearms, 223–230 gun courts, 221–222 problem-oriented policing to prevent firearm-related crime, 230–241 to reduce firearm-related violence, 9–10, 18, 221–241 Criminal use of firearms, 78 sources of firearm data on, 26–29 Cross-sectional studies, 154–162 of associations between firearms prevalence and suicide in the U.S., 156–161 of gun laws and suicide, 184, 186–189 international studies, 161–162 U.S. studies, 155–161 Curse of dimensionality, 305 D interpreting, 82 observational, 299 quality of, 16 revised new sets of, 126–127, 139 revised original sets of, 122, 125–126 Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems (DEEDS), 47 Data for measuring firearms violence and ownership, 18–52 general objectives for developing useful research data, 42–48 a patchwork of data sets, 20–42 sources of, 15–16 Data on firearms ownership, use, and markets, 34–42 administrative and convenience samples, 37–41 proxy measures of ownership, 41–42 surveys, 34–37 Data on violence and crime, 20–34 National Crime Victimization Survey, 21, 30 National Incident-Based Reporting System, 32–33 National Violent Death Reporting System, 33–34 selected sources of firearm data, 22–31 Uniform Crime Reports, 31–32 Data recommendations, 3–5 emerging data systems on violent events, 3 methodological approaches, 4–5 ownership data, 4 Data systems, 194–195 David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 13 DEEDS. See Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems Defensive gun use (DGU), 6–7, 103–114 comparing sampling design of the NCVS and NSDS, 104 coverage in, 105–108 recommendations on, 6–7 response problems in firearms use surveys, 108–114 Demand, for illegal firearm acquisition, 84–85 Denning, Brannon P., 286 Deterrence and defense recommendations, 6–7 defensive gun use, 6–7 right-to-carry laws, 7 Deterrence approach, applications of pulling-levers focus, 240–241 DGU. See Defensive gun use Dimension reduction, 308n Dimensionality, curse of, 305 Direct causality framework, 153 Disaggregate property crimes, estimates of percentage change in, 148 Disaggregate violent crimes, estimates of percentage change in, 146–147 Committee’s response to Wilson’s, 18, 272–275 Distribution of firearms ownership, 59 District of Columbia handgun ban to reduce criminal access to firearms in, 97–98 Personal Protection Act, 279 Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 40 Due Process Clause, of the Fourteenth Amendment, 288 DUF. See Drug Use Forecasting program Duggan’s results, 128–129 Dummy variable model, 123–124, 130–133 with common time pattern, 123, 126–127, 140–141 with “region-interacted time pattern model,” 123 Duncan v. Louisiana, 288
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