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Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety (2005)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

Page
186
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Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety

TABLE 6-1 Genera of Concern

Primary Genera of Concern

Family

Compounds and Compound

Classes Implicated in Toxicity

Abrus

Fabaceae

Abrin

Aconitum

Ranunculaceae

Diterpenoid alkaloids

Actaea

Ranunculaceae

Quinolizidine alkaloids

Adenostyles

Asteraceae

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Agave

Agavaceae

Saponins

Agrostemma

Caryopyhllaceae

Saponins

Aleurites

Euphorbiaceae

Unknown

Alliumb

Liliaceae

N-propyl disulfide

Amsinckia

Boraginaceae

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Anamirta

Menispermaceae

Picrotoxin

Anchusa

Boraginaceae

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Anemone

Ranunculaceae

Protoanemonin

Apiumb

Apiaceae

Coumarins

Apocynum

Apocynaceae

Cardiac glycosides

Areca

Arecaceae

Arecoline

Argemone

Papaveraceae

Isoquinoline alkaloids

Arisaema

Araceae

Oxalates

Aristolochia

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochic acids

Armoracia

Brassicaceae

Isothiocyanates, Thiooxazolidones

Arnica

Asteraceae

Sesquiterpenes

Asclepias

Asclepidaceae

Cardiac glycosides

Astragalus

Fabaceae

Polyhydroxy alkaloids (swainsonine)

Nitro-alcohols and -acids,

Selenium accumulation

Atractylis

Asteraceae

Atractyloside and related compounds

Atropa

Solanaceae

Tropane alkaloids

Avenab

Poaceae

Nitrate accumulation

Baccharis

Asteraceae

Trichothecenesc

Baileya

Asteraceae

Oxalates and nitrates

Baptisia

Fabaceae

Quinolizidine alkaloids
Page
186
Front Matter (R1-R20)
Executive Summary (1-18)
1 Introduction and Background (19-42)
2 Approaches Used by Others and Existing Safety Frameworks (43-84)
3 The Framework (85-125)
4 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Human Information and Data (126-155)
5 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Animal Data (156-174)
6 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Information About Related Substances (175-216)
7 Categories of Scientific Evidence--In Vitro Data (217-234)
8 Interactions (235-246)
9 Vulnerable Groups and Prevalance of Use (247-252)
10 Scientific Principles for Integrating and Evaluating the Available Data (253-268)
11 Applying the Framework: Case Studies Using the Prototype Safety Monographs (269-291)
12 Factors Influencing Use of the Safety Framework (292-296)
13 Findings and Recommendations (297-306)
Appendix A: Existing Frameworks or Systems for Evaluating the Safety of Other Substances (307-315)
Appendix B: Scope of Work and Comments to Initial July 2002 Framework (316-321)
Appendix C: Plant Family Information (322-355)
Appendix D: Chaparral: Prototype Monograph Summary (356-362)
Appendix E: Glucosamine: Prototype Monograph Summary (363-366)
Appendix F: Melatonin: Prototype Monograph Summary (367-371)
Appendix G: Chromium Picolinate: Prototype Monograph Summary (372-375)
Appendix H: Saw Palmetto: Prototype Monograph Summary (376-379)
Appendix I: Shark Cartilage: Prototype Monograph Summary (380-384)
Appendix J: Prototype Focused Monograph: Review of Liver-Related Risks for Chaparral (385-449)
Appendix K: Protoype Focused Monograph: Review of Anti-Androgenic Risks of Saw Palmetto Ingestion by Women (450-477)
Appendix L: Acknowledgements (478-480)
Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Commitee Members (481-488)
Index (489-506)