|
Observed or Predicted Toxicity
|
Classa
|
Other Comments
|
|
Gastritis, vasoconstriction, death
|
B
|
Large amounts in livestock
|
|
Cholinesterase inhibition, death
|
A
|
|
|
Extreme irritation on inhalation of root powder
|
B
|
|
|
Cholinomimetic
|
A
|
|
|
Abortifacient
|
B
|
Mainly in livestock
|
|
Gastroenteritis, catharsis, conjunctivitis
|
A
|
|
|
Cardiotoxic
|
A
|
|
|
Gastroenteritis, death
|
A
|
|
|
Cardiac and respiratory failure, death
|
A
|
|
|
Nephrotoxic
|
A
|
|
|
Carcinogenic
|
A
|
The fronds (fiddle heads) are processed (salting) and are safely eaten. All toxicities reported in livestock are from unprocessed fronds
|
|
Gastroenteritis, death
|
A
|
Mainly in large doses in livestock
|
|
Indigestion, depression, death
|
B
|
Mainly in livestock
|
|
Convulsant
|
A
|
All parts
|
|
Blindness
|
A
|
Mainly in livestock
|
|
Hemorrhagic, circulatory system
|
A
|
Only seeds are toxic
|
|
Hemorrhagic, circulatory system
|
A
|
|
|
Incoordination, gastroenteritis
|
C
|
Large amounts in livestock
|
|
Indigestion, Depression, death
|
C
|
Mainly in livestock
|
|
Cardiac and respiratory failure, death
|
A
|
|
|
Coma
|
A
|
Rhizomes
|
|
Gastroenteritis, coma, death
|
B
|
|
|
Indigestion, depression, death
|
B
|
Mainly in large amounts in livestock
|
|
Hypotension
|
B
|
Seeds and leaves
|
|
Carcinogenic
|
A
|
Bark, essential oils
|
|
Cardiotoxic, death
|
A
|
|
