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Garland T, Barr AC, eds. 1998. Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

James LF, Keeler RF, Cheeke PR, Bailey EM, Hegarty MP, eds. 1992. Poisonous Plants. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

Keeler RF, Tu AT, eds. 1983. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Volume 1. Plant and Fungal Toxins. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Keeler RF, Tu AT. 1991. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Volume 6. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. New York: Marcel Dekker.

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Kellerman TS, Coetzer JAW, Naudé TW. 1988. Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses of Livestock in Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press.

Kingsbury JM. 1964. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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The Agavaceae is of primary concern for the species Agave lecheguilla (lechuguilla), which causes secondary (hepatogenic) photosensitization; sheep and goats are frequently poisoned. The toxin is a saponin that is hepato- and nephrotoxic (Camp et al., 1988). Damage to the liver results in incomplete metabolism of chlorophyll, leading to peripheral circulation of phylloerythrin with excessive absorption of solar radiation (Keeler and Tu, 1983). Also, Nolina texana (sacahuista, bear grass) has been responsible for poisoning in livestock, especially the buds, blooms, and fruits, which are readily consumed (Cheeke, 1998; Keeler and Tu, 1983). In sheep, a toxic dose is 1.1 percent of the animal’s body weight (Kingsbury, 1964). Primary damage is to the liver, with progressive deterioration and death, but the toxin is unknown.

The Amaryllidaceae, especially the genera Amaryllis, Crinum, Galanthus, Haemanthus, Narcissus, and Nerine, have caused poisonings in humans and animals when consumed during times of food shortages (Kingsbury, 1964). The bulbs of these species contain galanthamine, a competitive cholinesterase inhibitor, as well as other related alkaloids (Lopez et al., 2002).

The Anacardiaceae contains a number of species that produce

Front Matter (R1-R20)

Executive Summary (1-18)

1 Introduction and Background (19-42)

2 Approaches Used by Others and Existing Safety Frameworks (43-84)

3 The Framework (85-125)

4 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Human Information and Data (126-155)

5 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Animal Data (156-174)

6 Categories of Scientific Evidence--Information About Related Substances (175-216)

7 Categories of Scientific Evidence--In Vitro Data (217-234)

8 Interactions (235-246)

9 Vulnerable Groups and Prevalance of Use (247-252)

10 Scientific Principles for Integrating and Evaluating the Available Data (253-268)

11 Applying the Framework: Case Studies Using the Prototype Safety Monographs (269-291)

12 Factors Influencing Use of the Safety Framework (292-296)

13 Findings and Recommendations (297-306)

Appendix A: Existing Frameworks or Systems for Evaluating the Safety of Other Substances (307-315)

Appendix B: Scope of Work and Comments to Initial July 2002 Framework (316-321)

Appendix C: Plant Family Information (322-355)

Appendix D: Chaparral: Prototype Monograph Summary (356-362)

Appendix E: Glucosamine: Prototype Monograph Summary (363-366)

Appendix F: Melatonin: Prototype Monograph Summary (367-371)

Appendix G: Chromium Picolinate: Prototype Monograph Summary (372-375)

Appendix H: Saw Palmetto: Prototype Monograph Summary (376-379)

Appendix I: Shark Cartilage: Prototype Monograph Summary (380-384)

Appendix J: Prototype Focused Monograph: Review of Liver-Related Risks for Chaparral (385-449)

Appendix K: Protoype Focused Monograph: Review of Anti-Androgenic Risks of Saw Palmetto Ingestion by Women (450-477)

Appendix L: Acknowledgements (478-480)

Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Commitee Members (481-488)

Index (489-506)