●● Construct is measured “comprehensively” (i.e., at least 3–4 questions used to gather information on a topic).

● Construct is measured “adequately” (i.e., only 1–2 questions used to gather information on a topic).

○ Construct is measured through a biological or physical mechanism (e.g., withdrawal of a blood sample or physical exam).

bc Construct is measured using data from birth certificates.