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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
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Page 142
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
×
Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Scientists, Engineers, and Track-Two Diplomacy: A Half-Century of U.S.-Russian Interacademy Cooperation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10888.
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References Ailes, C. P., and A. E. Pardee. 1984. The U.S.-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology: Review and Evaluation. SRI International, Washington, D.C. March. Alexeev, M., and L. Walker, eds. 1991. Estimating the Size of the Soviet Economy. Summary of a Meeting. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Edu- cation and Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Allakhverdov, A., and V. Pokrovsky. 2003. Academy plucks best biophysicists from a sea of mediocrity. Science (February 14): 994. Balzer, H. 1989. Soviet Science on the Edge of Reform. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Byrnes, R. F. 1976. Soviet-American Academic Exchanges, 1958–1975. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Centre for Science Research and Statistics. 2003. Russian Science and Technology at a Glance, 2002. Moscow. Dezhina, I. 1999. The International Science Foundation. New York: International Sci- ence Foundation. Donahue, Thomas M., ed. 1991. Planetary Sciences, American and Soviet Research. Proceedings from the US-USSR Workshop on Planetary Sciences, January 2–6, 1989. Academy of Sciences of the USSR and National Academy of Sciences. Wash- ington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Garrett, T. 1988. Soviet Science and Technology—A New Era? Department of Trade and Industry, London. February. Gokhberg, L. 1997. Russian R&D: A Sectoral Analysis. Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex. July. Gokhberg, L., and I. Kutnetsova. 2001. Technological Innovation in Industry and Ser- vices. Centre for Science Research and Statistics, Moscow. 139

140 REFERENCES Graham, L. 1993. Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Holloway, D. 1983. The Soviet Union and the Arms Race. New Haven: Yale University Press. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. 2002. A Short Annotated Bibliography of the Chechen Conflict. Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (in Russian). ———. 2003. Peace in Chechnya through Education. Material from an International Workshop. Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (in Russian). Integration of Science and Higher Education in Russia. 2001. Proceedings of the All Russian Conference with International Cooperation. Vols. 1 and 2. September 14–17. Samara-Kazan, Russia (in Russian). International Science and Technology Center (ISTC). 2003. Annual Report for 2002. Moscow: ISTC. Josephson, P. R. 1997. New Atlantis Revised: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Joyce, J. M. 1982. U.S.-Soviet Science Exchanges: A Foot in the Soviet Door. Russian Research Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Kaiser, R. G. 1988/89. The USSR in decline. Foreign Affairs (winter). Kershenbaum, V. T., ed. 1996. Management of Technology: Russian-American Work- shop. Moscow: Nauka and Tekhnika Publishing Center. Kommersant. 2003. What threatens Russia. (March 27): 6 (in Russian). Korchagin, A. D., and N. S. Orlov. 2001. About the Rights of the Government for the Results of Intellectual Activity. Experiences of the United States and the Meeting of Russian Needs. Patents and Licenses, M, No. 7. Russian Patent Office, Moscow (in Russian). Legvold, R. 2002–2003. All the way, creating the U.S.-Russian alliance. National Inter- est (winter): 21–31. Lewin, Walter H. G., George W. Clark, and Rashid Sunyaev, eds. 1991. High-Energy Astrophysics: American and Soviet Perspectives. Proceedings from the US-USSR Workshop on High Energy Astrophysics, June 18–July 1, 1989. Academy of Sci- ences of the USSR and National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy Press. Marchuk, G. I. 1995. Meeting and Reflections. Moscow: Mir Publishing House (in Russian). Martyushov, Y. S. 2003. The normative legal basis for innovation. Innovation Economy of Russia. December–February (in Russian). McKinsey Global Institute. 1999. Unlocking Economic Growth in Russia. Moscow. October. Medvedev, Z. 1978. Soviet Science. New York: Norton. National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1977. A Review of U.S.-U.S.S.R. Inter-academy Exchanges and Relations (Kaysen Panel). PB276719/AS. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council (NAS/ IOM/NRC). 1997. Controlling Dangerous Pathogens, a Blueprint for U.S. Rus-

REFERENCES 141 sian Cooperation. A Report to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the U.S. Department of Defense. October, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1980. NAS-ASUSSR activities curtailed. Newslet- ter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. ———. 1982. Scientific Communication and National Security. Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1982–1983. Paleomagnetic and Biostratigraphic Expedition in Siberia. News- letter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Academy of Sciences (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1983–1984a. MacArthur Foundation supports Academy’s USSR program. Newsletter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Acad- emy of Sciences (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1983–1984b. U.S. planetary scientist meets with Soviet colleagues. Newsletter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Academy of Sci- ences (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1985a. NAS delegation holds talks with Soviet Academy. Newsletter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Academy of Sciences (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1985b. Proof of Bieberbach conjecture verified in Leningrad. Newsletter of the Soviet-East European Exchange Program of the National Academy of Sciences (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1986a. NAS hosts Soviet energy specialists. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (win- ter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1986b. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1987a. American geologists discover new mineral localities in Russia. Newslet- ter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1987b. Balancing the National Interest: U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition. Panel on the Impact of Na- tional Security Controls on International Technology Transfer, Committee on Science, Engineering. and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1987c. Cooperation begins with Soviet Academy on social science research and nuclear war. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1987d. Evaluations of US-USSR bilateral cooperation. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Coun- cil (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988a. Baykal and Rio Grande Rift Studies. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (sum- mer). Washington, D.C.

142 REFERENCES ———. 1988b. First agreement between IOM and Soviet Medical Academy. Newslet- ter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988c. NAS vice president travels to Novosibirsk, Newsletter, Soviet-East Eu- ropean Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988d. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988e. Soviet academicians visit NAS during Washington summit. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988f. Soviet plants added to Alaska collection. Newsletter, Soviet-East Euro- pean Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1988g. US-USSR cooperation in nuclear reactor safety. Newsletter, Soviet- East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (summer). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989a. American economists witness perestroika first hand. Newsletter, So- viet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989b. Energy specialists meet in Yalta. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Pro- gram of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989c. NAS assists in sending team of earthquake experts to Armenia. News- letter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/Na- tional Research Council (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989d. NAS hosts seminar on energy and dual use technology. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council (spring). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989–1990a. Economics dialogue continues with Soviet Academy. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989–1990b. Energy and ecology specialists visit Siberia. Newsletter, Soviet- East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1989–1990c. Future development and safety of nuclear power. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council (winter). Washington, D.C. ———. 1990a. Gorbachev advisers visit NAS. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Pro- gram of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Wash- ington, D.C. ———. 1990b. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Washington, D.C. ———. 1990c. Radioactive waste seminar in the USSR. Newsletter, Soviet-East Euro- pean Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Washington, D.C.

REFERENCES 143 ———. 1990d. Soviet-American Dialogue in the Social Sciences, Research Workshops on Interdependence among Nations. Committee on Contributions of Behavioral and Social Science to the Prevention of Nuclear War, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1990e. Soviet Social Science: The Challenge for the American Academic Com- munity. Summary of a Meeting. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1990f. Young U.S. and Soviet economists meet in Boston. Newsletter, Soviet- East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Washington, D.C. ———. 1991a. Dramatic changes in USSR and Eastern Europe lead to new approaches in exchanges in 1993. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Washington, D.C. ———. 1991b. Finding Common Ground: U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Glo- bal Environment. Panel on the Future Design and Implementation of U.S. Na- tional Security Export Controls, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1991c. Summer programs for young investigators in economics, cosmology, and string theory. Newsletter, Soviet-East European Program of the National Acad- emy of Sciences/National Research Council (fall). Washington, D.C. ———. 1992a. Improving Social Science in the Former Soviet Union. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Acad- emy Press. ———. 1992b. NAS and Europeans discuss science in FSU. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia of the National Academy of Sciences/National Re- search Council. Washington, D.C. ———. 1992c. NAS opens science and technology policy dialogue with the Russian Academy. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia of the National Acad- emy of Sciences/National Research Council. Washington, D.C. ———. 1992d. Reorientation of the Research Capability of the Former Soviet Union. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C. ———. 1993a. NAS-RAS working group on new forms of cooperation. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia of the National Academy of Sciences/Na- tional Research Council. Washington, D.C. ———. 1993b. 1993 Young Investigator Programs. Newsletter, Office for Central Eu- rope and Eurasia of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. Washington, D.C. ———. 1993c. Redeploying Assets of the Russian Defense Sector to the Civilian Economy. Final Report of the Committee on Enterprise Management in a Market Economy under Defense Conversion. Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1993d. A Russian-American Partnership for Industrial Development (RAPID). Committee on Enterprise Management in a Market Economy under Defense Con- version, Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

144 REFERENCES ———. 1993e. Sustaining Excellence in Science and Engineering in the Former Soviet Union. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Insti- tute of Medicine, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1993f. Young Investigator Program on Ecological Concerns in the Develop- ment of the Arctic and Far Northern Regions of Russia. Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1994. Dual-Use Technologies and Export Control in the Post-Cold War Era. Documents from a Joint Program of the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1995. Oil wastes contaminate Western Siberia. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1996a. An Assessment of the International Science and Technology Center. Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1996b. Cooperation in applied science and technology. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1996c. Young Investigator Program on Sustainable Forestry, Group Scientific Report. Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1996d. Young Investigator Program on Water Quality, Group Scientific Re- port. Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1997a. Proliferation Concerns, Assessing U.S. Efforts to Help Contain Nuclear and Other Dangerous Materials and Technologies in the Former Soviet Union. Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1997b. Russian forest specialists visit the Pacific Northwest. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1997c. Russians and Americans cooperate on protecting water resources. News- letter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1997d. A successful conclusion to the CAST program. Newsletter, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C. ———. 1998a. Partners on the Frontier, U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Science and Technology. Proceedings of a Workshop. Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1998b. Technology Commercialization: Russian Challenges, American Les- sons. Committee on Utilization of Technologies Developed at Russian Research and Educational Institutions, Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 1999. Protecting Nuclear Weapons Materials in Russia. Committee on Up- grading Russian Capabilities to Secure Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium, Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 2001. The Role of Environmental NGOs—Russian Challenges, American Lessons: Proceedings of a Workshop. Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, De- velopment, Security, and Cooperation, Policy and Global Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 2002a. Current visa restrictions interfere with U.S. science and engineering contributions to important national needs. Statement of the three presidents of the National Academies. Washington, D.C. December 13.

REFERENCES 145 ———. 2002b. High Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Work- shop. Committee on Confronting Terrorism in Russia, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 2002c. Successes and Difficulties of Small Innovative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop. Committee on Small Inno- vative Firms in Russian Nuclear Cities, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ———. 2003a. Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ———. 2003b. End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States. Board on Radioactive Waste Management. Wash- ington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ———. 2003c. Letter Report from the Co-Chairs of the Joint Committee on U.S.- Russian Cooperation on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States. June. Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). 1985. A Study of Soviet Science. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. 1985. Assessing the Effect of Tech- nology Transfer on U.S./Western Security: A Defense Perspective. Washington, D.C. February. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 1994. Coopera- tion in Science and Technology with the Federation of Russia: Experience with Programs of Selected OECD Countries. Paris. ———. 2001. Bridging the Innovation Gap in Russia: Science and Innovation. The Helsinki Seminar. Paris. Popova, T. 2002. Nord Ost through the Eyes of a Hostage. Moscow: Vagrius Publishing Co. (in Russian). Richmond, Y. 2003. Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. University Park: Penn State University Press. Rossiskaya Akademiya Nauk 1991–2001. 2002. Moscow: Nauka Publishing Co. (in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). 2002. Rating Higher Education Universities for 2001. Poisk. May 17. Sagdeev, R. Z. 1994. The Making of a Soviet Scientist, My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space from Stalin to Star Wars. New York: John Wiley. Sakharov, A. 1990. Memoirs. New York: Knopf. Schweitzer, G. E. 1988. Who wins in U.S.-Soviet science ventures? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (October). ———. 1989. Techno-diplomacy: US-Soviet Confrontations in Science and Technol- ogy. New York: Plenum Press. ———. 1992. U.S.-Soviet scientific cooperation. Technology in Society 14: 173–185. ———. 1996. Moscow DMZ: The Story of the International Effort to Convert Rus- sian Weapons Science to Peaceful Purposes. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. ———. 1997. Experiments in Cooperation: Assessing U.S.-Russian Programs in Sci- ence and Technology. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.

146 REFERENCES ———. 2000. Swords into Market Shares: Economic, Security, and Technology Chal- lenges in the New Russia. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ———. 2001. Industrial Perestroika, High Tech, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Russia. Arlington, Va.: Cameron Publication Services. Statute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1724–1999. 1999. Moscow: Nauka Pub- lishing Co. Thursby, J. G., and M. C. Thursby. 2003. University licensing and the Bayh Dole Act. Science (August 22): 1052. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2003. UN Common Country As- sessment for the Russian Federation, 2002. Moscow. U.S. Congress, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1988. Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record. Washington, D.C. May. U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee. 1987. Gorbachev’s Economic Plans. Vols. 1 and 2. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of State. 2003. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Ac- tivities with Eurasia, FY 2002 Annual Report. Office of Coordination of U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia. March. U.S. House of Representatives. 1986. Hearings of the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East. Committee on Foreign Affairs. July 31. Washington, D.C. Vucinich, A. 1984. Empire of Knowledge: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1917–1980). Berkeley: University of California Press. Walker, L., and P. Stern. 1993. Balancing and Sharing Political Power in Multiethnic Societies: Summary of a Workshop. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Watkins, A., S. Bossourtrot, and L. Poznanskaya. 2001. Russian science and technology for a market economy. Unpublished manuscript released by World Bank, Wash- ington, D.C. Woodrow Wilson Center and Smithsonian Institution. 1984. Exchanges: Ripoff or Pay- off? Washington, D.C. November. World Bank. 2003. Russian Economic Report #6: August 2003. Online. Available at www.worldbank.org.ru/. World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, Rus- sian Federation. Geneva.

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This report is intended to provide a brief historical perspective of the evolution of the interacademy program during the past half-century, recognizing that many legacies of the Soviet era continue to influence government approaches in Moscow and Washington and to shape the attitudes of researchers toward bilateral cooperation in both countries (of special interest is the changing character of the program during the age of perestroika (restructuring) in the late 1980s in the Soviet Union); to describe in some detail the significant interacademy activities from late 1991, when the Soviet Union fragmented, to mid-2003; and to set forth lessons learned about the benefits and limitations of interacademy cooperation and to highlight approaches that have been successful in overcoming difficulties of implementation.

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