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The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity (2004)

Chapter: Index to Chapters 1-10

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Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
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Index to Chapters 1–10

A

Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation (A.C.E.), 5, 6–9, 85, 86, 92, 158, 174–209, 227–234 (passim)

See also E-sample;

Poststratification and poststrata;

P-sample

adjustments based on, 6–7, 28–29, 174–184

apportionment, 92, 170

blacks, 6, 181, 227–229, 233, 255, 259

block clusters, 171, 172, 173–174, 187, 192, 203, 204–205, 277

Census Day and, 9, 221, 346

clerical review, 172, 180, 190, 192, 202, 204

correlation bias, 6, 186, 233, 246–247, 257, 259, 266, 344, 346

demographic analysis, 8, 9, 11, 30, 176–177, 181–183, 184, 185, 186, 227–229, 235–240, 260, 277, 330–331, 344–345

design, operations, and adjustment, 171–267

dual-systems estimation (DSE), 158, 159–163, 170, 174, 176, 177, 187–194 (passim), 199–201, 205, 206, 208, 235, 246, 257

duplicate enumeration, 5–8 (passim), 23, 29, 86, 123, 155, 163, 176–182 (passim), 186, 188, 190, 200, 201, 208, 240–241, 343

enumerator errors, 121–123

evaluation research on, 12, 24, 27, 30, 326–327, 330–337 (passim), 350–351

Executive Steering Committee for A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP), 174–175, 176–177, 326–327

gross error, 9, 29–30, 141, 163, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 346

group quarters, 9, 155, 171, 189–190, 200, 201, 240, 252, 265, 346

interviewing procedures, 9, 200, 263, 265, 266, 346

legislation, 8–9

long-form-sample data, imputation, 270, 283, 286, 329, 347

management, organizational structure, 326–330 (passim), 350–351

Master Address File (MAF), 140, 141, 161, 172, 189, 235–236, 277

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

matching, 7, 8, 13, 24, 145, 159, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 189, 192, 198–199, 202–204, 205, 208, 228, 246, 263, 264, 265, 279, 346

NRC panel mandate, 1, 16

NRC panel recommendations, 261–267, 326–337 (passim), 343–346, 350–352

overcount, 6–7, 8–9, 158, 176, 179–180, 185, 246, 249

Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214-217, 333, 351

population estimates, general, 28–29, 158–159, 171–184, 185–187, 227–229, 244–245, 344

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 7, 157, 162, 163, 171–174, 176, 178, 187–205 (passim), 208, 209, 212, 227–229, 245–247, 252–253, 260, 343, 345

redistricting, 92, 174–175, 177, 178–179

sex-related data, 8, 183, 229, 255, 283

small areas, 6, 259–260

subnational areas, 6–7, 30, 249, 259

targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208

time factors, 30, 178, 186, 187, 188, 266

undercount, 6–7, 8–9, 29, 158, 162, 176, 178–179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 206, 208, 230–231, 237, 246, 249, 252, 255–257, 260–261, 343, 345

weighting, 171, 187, 194–195, 204–205

A.C.E. Revision II, 5, 6, 7, 158, 174, 185–187, 209–235, 243, 244–245, 253, 258–261

See also Poststratification and poststrata

block clusters, 212

clerical review, 215–216

correlation bias, 209, 211, 223–226, 228, 232, 233, 234, 246–247, 250, 254, 257

demographic analysis, 224–233, 244, 253–254, 258–259

duplicate enumeration, 216, 241

gross error, 261

matching, 210, 212, 215, 220–221, 226–228, 230, 246

missing data, 221–223

Native Americans, 222–223, 224, 227–229

NRC panel recommendations, 261, 264, 344

overcount, 158, 209–217, 249–251, 258

population estimates, general, 226–235, 244–245, 254, 259

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES) and, 226–231, 246, 247

P-sample, 209, 218–221, 223–224

sex-related data, 224, 225–226, 228, 246, 248, 255

subnational areas, 223, 243–244, 245, 249, 250–251

time factors, 266–267

undercounts, 158, 185, 209, 217–226, 230–231, 247–248, 249–251, 253–256, 258

Address Control File (ACF), 72–73, 78

Address List Improvement Act, 79

Address lists, general

See also Address Control File;

Delivery Sequence File;

Master Address File

global positioning system (GPS), 263

1990 census, 72, 159, 166–167

2000 census, 77–78, 134–151

2010 census, 263

Addresses, general

See also Address lists;

Block clusters;

Census blocks;

Geocoding

duplicate enumeration, 21, 86, 92

group quarters/special places, 137

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

noncity-style address, 73, 79, 135, 137

Administrative records, 78, 87, 134, 164–165, 215–216

See also Vital statistics

census data and local planning, 58

census data and vital statistics, 59

county-level, 131

group quarters, 154–155, 156, 297, 342

long-form-sample data quality assurance, 269, 297

Medicare records, 164

taxes, 78

Advertising and outreach, 3, 26–27, 109–112, 332

See also Telephone follow-up

Be Counted, 104, 105, 275–276

Internet, 99, 100, 104, 112, 275

mail response rate and, 3, 107–112

1990 census, 72, 73, 76, 108

privacy concerns addressed, 110–111

private sector uses of census data, 59

television advertising, 107, 109

2000 census, 82, 88, 92, 97, 104, 107–114

Advisory Committee of Professional Associations, 87

African Americans, see Black persons

Age characteristics, 8, 55, 58, 63, 75, 85, 164, 170–171, 229, 255, 321

See also Children;

Elderly persons

complete-count data, 9–10, 34

duplicate enumeration, 241–243

long-form-sample data, imputation, 274, 281, 287

mail return rates, 101, 123

minority youth, 81

nonresponse follow-up, 123

population estimates, 55, 58, 229, 239

Aggregation of data, 9, 164, 348

geographic, 35, 252

NRC panel methodology, 17

poststratum groups, 204

Alaskan Natives, see Native Americans

American Community Survey (ACS), 134

long-form sample and, 11, 94–95, 134, 300, 348, 349

NRC panel recommendations, 3, 95, 150, 300–301, 333–334, 339–340, 341–342, 348, 349

small-area data, 3, 95, 340

American Indians, see Native Americans

Americans with Disabilities Act, 64

Apportionment, 17, 33, 36–43, 78, 87, 103, 170

A.C.E., 92, 170

black persons, apportionment/redistricting, 43, 47, 52, 54

constitutional mandate, 1, 15, 36, 38, 43

coverage error, 37

deadlines, 36, 103, 170

historical perspectives, 37, 38–39, 42

immigrants, 36, 37–38

overseas residents, U.S. citizens, 38–39, 40

sampling/statistical adjustment, 40–43, 90–91

Supreme Court rulings, 28, 37–43, 90–92, 170

taxes and, 305

uncounted persons imputations, federal court decisions, 40–43

urban/rural, 37

Asians, 174, 227, 239, 241, 307, 311, 314

A.C.E. Revision II, 223, 224, 227–231

long-form-sample data, quality measures, 278

marketing study to assess response, 109

Attitudes and beliefs, see Public opinion

B

Baker v. Carr, 44–45

Balancing error, 162, 163, 177, 188, 189, 205, 252–253

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
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Basic data, see Complete count/complete-count items

Basic street address, 146

Be Counted, 104, 105, 275–276

Birth records, 8, 55, 58–60 (passim), 164, 165, 169, 180, 181, 183, 184, 196, 214, 225, 246, 254, 260

postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258

Black persons, 8, 75, 85, 164, 241, 246, 312, 313, 315, 316

A.C.E., 6, 181, 227–229, 233, 255, 259

A.C.E. Revision II, 222, 224–225, 227–233, 247, 255

apportionment/redistricting, 43, 47, 52, 54, 303

historical data measures, 303, 304–307, 311

long-form-sample data, quality measures, 273–275, 278, 292–293

mail return rates, 102, 123

marketing study to assess response, 109

nonresponse follow-up, 123

undercounting, 5, 43, 52, 157, 168, 181, 182, 238, 247

Block canvass, 86, 135, 141, 146, 147, 162, 166

Block clusters

A.C.E., 171, 172, 173–174, 187, 192, 203, 204–205, 277

A.C.E. Revision II, 212

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 141, 162, 166–167

Block data, 20, 21, 34, 80, 172, 204, 251, 267

poststrata, 64

redistricting, 53–55, 174–175, 267, 346–347

Blue line, 137, 329

C

Census Act (Title 13), 90–91, 149

Census Advisory Committee, 86–87

Census and Administrative Records Duplication Study, 215

Census blocks, 21, 204, 251, 267

See also Block clusters

poststrata, 248

traffic analysis zones, 64

Census Day

A.C.E., 9, 221, 346

block-level data release, 30

E-sample, 196, 200

movers, 122, 167, 172–173

nonresponse follow-up time limit, 84

operational modifications following, 104

public opinion before/after, 109

redistricting time limit, 36

Census Monitoring Board, 89

Census Plus, 85

Census-taker, see Enumerators

Census tracts, 253

banks, use of, 67

funding allocation, 65

geocoding errors, 141

imputations, 239, 242, 275, 282, 291, 292

long-form-sample data items, 34, 80, 291, 292

mail return rates, 102, 222

nonresponse follow-up, 83

Postal Service, use of, 67

redistricting, 53

Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), 18, 24, 270, 272, 283, 286, 287, 295

Children

biennial population estimates, 55

grandchildren, 80, 81

school outreach program, 108

undercounts, 27, 75, 85, 123, 225–226, 253–255 (passim)

Clerical review, 118, 154

A.C.E., 172, 180, 190, 192, 202, 204

A.C.E. Revision II, 215–216

1990 census, 72, 74, 125, 126, 167

Clerical Review of Census Duplicates Study, 215

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
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Clinton Administration, 88, 90

Coding, 213

See also Geocoding, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 73

group quarters, 137, 152–153, 156, 342

workup/execution of 1990 census, 72, 74

Committee on Adjustment of Postcensal Estimates, 169

Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT), 87, 333

Community Development Block Grants, 63

Commuting and commuters, 65, 66

Complete count/complete-count (basic data) items, 911, 34, 59, 127, 269

See also Apportionment;

Redistricting

consistency of responses, 277–279

historical perspectives, 60

imputation procedures, 131–132, 270, 273, 276, 281–283

missing data patterns, 276–279, 280

quality, general, 281–282, 293

Computer-assisted interviewing (CAI), 200, 270, 326

Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), 172, 270, 286

Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), 172, 189, 270, 286

Computer editing, 72, 74, 88, 125

Computer technology, other, 72, 75, 334

See also Data capture;

Matching;

Optical recognition

address files, general, 73, 75, 137-138, 147, 342

contracting out, 3, 115, 119–120, 125

imputation, 11, 74, 88, 92, 98, 125–134, 235, 271, 280

mapping, 66, 73, 75, 147, 342

matching, 167, 172, 180–182, 186, 202, 213, 214, 215, 218, 262, 335

Master Address File (MAF), 137–138

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), error, 169

Confidentiality, see Privacy and confidentiality

Congress of the U.S., 2–3, 19, 60, 95, 327

See also Apportionment;

Fund allocation;

Legislation;

Redistricting

census deadlines, 9, 88, 89, 103

grandchildren, coverage of, 81

nonresponse follow-up issues, 83, 88–89

political parties, 2, 75, 86, 88–89, 92–93, 94

Content Reinterview Survey, 270, 288, 294

Continuation forms, 130

Contracting and contractors, 12–13, 115

data operations, 3, 115, 119–120, 125

Controlled studies, see Experimental studies

Correlation bias, 246

A.C.E., 6, 186, 233, 246–247, 257, 259, 266, 344, 346

A.C.E. Revision II, 209, 211, 223–226, 228, 232, 233, 234, 246–247, 250, 254, 257

Costs and cost-effectiveness

advertising and outreach, 108

computer imputation, 11, 133, 134

housing, data on, 272

Master Address File (MAF), 149

1990 census, 75, 76–77, 82–83

nonresponse follow-up, 3, 75, 82–84, 93, 99, 101, 133, 134, 340

NRC panel methodology, 17–18

per household costs, 2, 93, 108

2000 census, general, 22, 82–84, 85, 87, 97, 170, 339

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

2010 census, NRC recommendations, 340

Counties, 5, 34, 61, 64, 318, 321

administrative records, 131

American Community Survey (ACS), 94

demographic analysis, 55

dress rehearsals, 89, 91

funding allocation, 63, 65

geocoding errors, 141

imputation, 131, 239, 276

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA), 142, 144, 145

overcount, 249–250

redistricting, 48–54 (passim)

undercount, 249–250

Court decisions

See also Supreme Court

follow-up operations (1990 census), 74

illegal immigrants, apportionment counts, 37–38

overseas residents, apportionment counts, 39, 40

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 166, 168–170

redistricting, 46, 47–51, 54

statistical methods, use in census, 90

uncounted people, apportionment imputations, 42–43

Coverage evaluation and improvement programs, 5, 11–12, 18, 158, 165

See also Dual-systems estimation;

Follow-up;

Nonresponse follow-up;

Post-Enumeration Survey

1990 census, 158, 166–170

2000 census, 84–87, 122, 123, 157–266

2010 census, 5, 8–9, 75, 87, 263

Current Population Survey (CPS), 24, 58, 165, 254, 295, 296, 310–311, 323, 334, 348, 351

D

Data capture, 72, 74, 97, 115–118, 332

See also Optical recognition

error rates, 118–119, 125

group quarters, 154

imputation and, 125

person record, 33, 35, 135, 276

Data-defined, 9–11, 34–35, 156

Data editing, 72, 125, 128, 132

Data Preparation Division, see National Processing Center

Death records, 8, 55, 58, 59, 164, 169

postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258

Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135

Demographic data and analysis, 1–2, 8, 9, 31, 75, 85, 164–165, 269, 273–281

See also Age characteristics;

Elderly persons;

Immigrants and immigration;

Long-form sample;

Population groups;

Post-Enumeration Survey;

Race/ethnicity;

Sex-related characterization;

Socioeconomic data and analysis;

Vital statistics

A.C.E., 8, 9, 11, 30, 176–177, 181–183, 184, 185, 186, 227–229, 235–240, 260, 277, 330–331, 344–345

A.C.E. Revision II, 224–233, 244, 253–254, 258–259

aggregation of data, 9, 35, 52, 164, 204, 348

educational attainment, 65, 66, 68

evaluation research, 11–12, 24, 27, 30, 326–327, 330–337 (passim), 350–351

historical perspectives, 164–165, 303

mail response rate, 101–103, 114, 123

marital status, 60, 80, 284, 287, 292, 312, 313, 316

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

migration flows, 59, 68, 69, 164, 181, 344–345

nonresponse follow-up, 114, 123

NRC panel recommendations, 266, 267, 330–331, 344–347 (passim)

population estimates, 55

small areas, 55, 59

uses of, 36, 55

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 64

Department of Transportation, 64

Disabled persons, 63, 65, 66

Disaster planning, 65, 66

Domain, race/ethnicity

definition, see Table E.3 in text

Dress rehearsals, 3, 4, 88–91, 94, 339

duplicate enumeration, 82

funding for, 88–89

multiple mailings, 107

optical data capture, 118

Dual-systems estimation (DSE), 1, 24, 42, 85, 86, 87, 158, 246, 257

A.C.E., 158, 159–163, 170, 174, 176, 177, 187–194 (passim), 199–201, 205, 206, 208, 235, 246, 257

A.C.E. Revision II, 209, 218, 221–224, 246, 257

duplicate enumeration, 42, 176

geographic variations, general, 162–163

imputation, 160, 161, 167–168

Master Address File (MAF) and, 140, 161

matching, 79, 85, 159, 160–163, 170

weighting, 160, 205

Duplicate enumeration, 4–8 (passim), 19, 20, 23, 27–28, 42, 55, 74, 114, 121, 127

See also Matching

A.C.E., 5–8 (passim), 23, 29, 86, 123, 155, 163, 176–182 (passim), 186, 188, 190, 200, 201, 208, 240–241, 343

A.C.E. Revision II, 216, 241

ad hoc unduplication, 104

addresses, 21, 86, 92

age factors, 241–243

data capture, 75

dress rehearsal, 82

dual-systems estimation, 42, 176

group quarters, 190, 200, 201, 234

individual blocks, 54

Master Address File (MAF), 4, 21, 82, 92, 104, 105, 137, 138, 141, 145, 146, 147, 161, 192, 240

Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351

unduplication, 7, 104, 105, 141, 145, 146, 147, 154, 156, 176, 192, 235–236

E

Economic factors, see Costs and cost-effectiveness;

Fund allocation;

Income data;

Private sector;

Socioeconomic data and analysis

Education, see Public education

Educational attainment, 65, 66, 68

Elderly persons

demographic analysis, 164

long-form-sample data uses, 62, 68

mail return rate, 102

Medicaid reimbursements, census data use, 62

Medicare records, 164

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 62–63

Employment discrimination, 61, 64

Employment of enumerators

follow-up, 1990 census, 73–74, 76

follow-up, 2000 census, 83

hiring, 27, 76

outreach specialists, 107

recruitment, 3, 64, 88, 97–98, 109, 120–124, 340

wages, 83, 121

Employment status, 66

federal employees overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39

long-form, 11, 348, 349

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

Enumerators

See also Employment of enumerators;

Interviewing procedures

A.C.E. and errors, 121–123

advertising to support efforts, 107

effectiveness, 99

errors on questionnaires, 21, 119, 121–122

follow-up, 1990 census, 73–74, 76, 132, 134

follow-up, 2000 census, 120–121, 132, 134, 172

funding allocation, 120

group quarters, 154–155

mail response vs use of, 122–124

movers, treatment of, 172–173

nonresponse follow-up, errors by, 21, 119, 121–122

reinterviewing practices, 22

time factors, 120–123

wages, 121

Environmental risks, 69

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 64

Erroneous enumeration, 19–20, 42, 54, 76, 121–123, 130, 136

See also Correlation bias;

Duplicate enumeration;

Omissions;

Overcount;

Undercount

A.C.E., 6, 7, 9, 29, 123, 145–146, 159, 160, 163, 178–180, 182, 188, 198, 200, 202, 203, 208, 211–213, 217, 221, 244, 248, 252–253, 256, 259, 262, 265, 344, 345–346

A.C.E. Revision II, 7, 158, 209, 223, 226, 241, 259, 262, 343, 344

dual-system estimation (DSE), 42, 159, 188

group quarters, 154, 155, 252

Master Address File (MAF), 20–21, 27, 28, 137, 144, 145–146, 148

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 178, 188, 198–199, 203, 208, 211–212, 226, 241, 252–253

Errors and error analysis, 5–6, 17, 19–21, 26, 29, 54, 55, 59, 243–261

See also Correlation bias;

Duplicate enumeration;

Gross error;

Imputation;

Matching;

Missing data;

Overcount;

Undercount;

Weighting and variance estimation

address, 105

balancing error, 162, 163, 177, 188, 189, 205, 252–253

data capture rates, 118–119, 125

defined, 19–20

enumerator vs mail-back forms, 121–123

geocoding errors, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 173–174, 216, 251–252, 257–258, 263

net coverage error, 9, 20, 29, 42, 74, 77, 123, 243–244, 247–248, 346

omissions, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 29, 42, 54, 137, 141, 146, 155, 158, 179, 182–183, 188, 209, 217–226, 344

optical recognition vs key from image, 118

E-sample, 85, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 173–174, 176, 179, 180, 187, 192–206 (passim), 209, 212, 221, 223, 227, 232, 233, 234–235, 246–247, 253, 256, 257–258, 264, 319, 320, 333, 352

global positioning system (GPS), 263

long-form-sample data quality measures, 270, 277–279, 286–287

Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351

Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity

Evaluation Follow-up Study (EFU), 180, 208, 209–214, 216, 218, 221–222, 240–241, 246, 256

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

Executive Steering Committee for A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP), 174–175, 176–177, 326–327

Experimental studies, 18, 25, 75, 332, 336–337, 351

administrative records use, 78

mailing package, 81–82

questionnaire design, 81–82, 270

race/ethnicity classification, 323, 324

F

Federal employees

overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39

Federal government

See also Court decisions;

Legislation;

Supreme Court;

specific departments and agencies

long-form additional data, agency uses, 61–65

management structure for census, 325–330

metropolitan statistical areas, funding allocations, 64–65

partnership agreements, 107

race/ethnicity, data on, 15, 304–311, 312, 322

Federal Transit Act, 64

Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computers (FOSDIC), 115–116

Follow-up

See also Nonresponse follow-up

cost and time, 3

coverage edit follow-up, 278

coverage improvement follow-up, 121–123

long-form, 10

1990 censuses, 72, 73–74, 75

Foreigners

See also Immigrants and immigration

Americans overseas, 38–39

temporary visitors, 21, 37

treatment of noncitizens, 37–38

Fund allocation

See also Costs and cost-effectiveness

American Community Survey (ACS), 95

based on census analysis, 1, 28, 33, 63–65, 179

for census, 3, 26, 76, 92, 93, 101, 104, 107, 264–265, 345

dress rehearsal, 88–89

enumerators, 120

local government, 28, 58, 61, 62–63

Master Address File (MAF), 135

state government, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65

Further Study of Person Duplication (FSPD), 211, 214–220 (passim), 226, 241, 243, 244, 247, 256–257, 261–262

See also Person Duplication Studies

G

Gender, see Sex-related characterization

General Accounting Office, 71, 87, 88, 107, 115, 120, 124, 264–265

Geocoding, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 73, 105, 146, 204, 251, 342

errors, 19–20, 54–55, 66, 173–174, 216, 251–252, 257–258, 263

group quarters, 137, 152–153, 156, 342

special places, 137

targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208

TIGER, 73, 75, 147–150 (passim), 342

Geographic information system (GIS), 147

Geographic variations, 10, 20, 30, 33, 132, 231, 232, 248–252, 317, 345

See also Maps and mapping;

Rural areas;

Small areas;

Subnational areas;

Urban areas

dual-systems estimation, 162–163

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

gross coverage error, 19–20, 179, 252–253

Master Address File (MAF), regional participation, 142, 143

questionnaire/mailing package design, 105–106

Glavin v. Clinton, 90

Global positioning system (GPS), 263

Gross error, 5–6, 19–20, 141, 179, 251, 252

A.C.E., 9, 29–30, 141, 163, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253, 261, 262, 263, 265, 346

A.C.E. Revision II, 261

Master Address File (MAF), 4, 141–142

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253

Group quarters (GQ), 4–5, 33, 93, 98, 137, 151–156, 241, 242, 243, 252

A.C.E., 9, 155, 171, 189–190, 200, 201, 240, 252, 265, 346

address lists, 137, 156, 167, 343

administrative records, 154–155, 156, 297, 342

data capture, 154

definitional issues, 151, 152, 155–156, 520

duplicate enumeration, 190, 200, 201, 234

enumerator interviews, 154–155

geocoding, 137, 152–153, 156, 342

homeless shelters, 151–152

Individual Census Reports, 151

local government issues, 154

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 137, 152

long-form-sample data, imputation, 155, 271, 297–301, 348–349

mail response, 153

Master Address File (MAF), 137, 147, 152, 156, 342

matching, 154

missing data, 28, 155, 342, 348–349

NRC panel methodology/conclusions, 18, 31, 155–156, 342–343, 346, 347–348

population estimates, general, 156, 342–343

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 151, 154, 155, 156, 171, 343

questionnaire design, 151, 154, 155, 156, 343

telephone follow-up, 154–155

usual residence elsewhere, 154

H

Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons

Hawaiian Natives, see Native Americans

Hispanics, 241, 312, 313, 314–315, 318, 319–321, 322–324, 349–350

A.C.E. Revision II, 222, 224–225, 227–233, 247

complete-count data, 34

historical perspectives on coverage, 307, 310–311

household surveys, 58

long-form-sample data quality measures, 34, 273–275, 278, 284, 293

mail return rates, 102, 123

marketing study to assess response, 109

nonresponse, 284

nonresponse follow-up, 123

population estimates, 55, 58, 181, 227–233, 238

private sector uses of census data, 59

questionnaire language, 117, 118

redistricting data files, 53–54

undercount, 157, 181, 182, 247

Historical perspectives

blacks, historical data measures, 303, 304–307, 311

census mandate, 1

census overview, 15–16

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

comparison of decennial censuses, 18, 24–25, 27

congressional apportionment, 37, 38–39, 42

demographic analysis, 164–165, 303

long-form, additional data uses, 59–60, 68

mail response rates, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102–103, 104, 107

noncitizens, treatment of, 37–38, 305–306

overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–39

racial/ethnic measurement, 303, 304–308

redistricting, 43–53

undercounted groups, 27, 42, 157

workup to 1990 census, 71–77, 166–170

workup to 2000 census, 2–3, 18, 71, 77–92

Home Investment Partnership Program, 63

Homeless persons, 21, 151–152

Hot-deck imputation, 128, 271

House of Representatives v. Department of Commerce, 90

Household relationship, 9–10, 59, 60, 132, 222, 223, 280, 283, 347

See also Children

Household size, 80–81, 222

See also Group quarters

imputation, 127–130

mail return rates, 102

questionnaire design, 105, 127–128, 236

Households, 24, 233

See also Current Population Survey;

Housing tenure;

Renters;

Whole-household/whole-person imputation

composition, 200, 202, 203, 276, 277

cost per surveyed, 2, 93, 108

long-form-sample data, imputation, 271

mail response/return rate, 100

matching, 202, 203

member characterization, 80–81

Housing tenure, 9–10, 102, 132, 170–171, 197, 222, 228, 229, 238–239

See also Renters

complete-count data, 34

long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 277–279, 283

Housing Unit Coverage Study, 141, 251–252

Housing units, 5, 76, 80, 105, 172, 189, 252

See also Address lists;

Addresses, general;

Group quarters;

Multiunit structures;

Special places

Hundred percent data, see Complete count/complete-count items

I

Immigrants and immigration, 8

See also Foreigners

congressional apportionment, 36, 37–38

congressional redistricting, 303

demographic analysis, 59, 164, 165, 181, 184, 254

historical perspectives, 305–307

illegal, 37–38, 59, 164, 165

net migration/immigration, 59, 164, 181, 344–345

postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258

students on visas, 21

treatment of noncitizens, 37–38, 164

Immigration and Nationality Act, 307

Immigration and Naturalization Service, 164

Imputation, 10–11, 12, 25, 42–43, 74

age, 274, 281, 287

apportionment, 40–43

census tracts, 239, 242, 275, 282, 291, 292

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

complete count (basic) data, 131–132, 270, 273, 276, 281–283

computer, 11, 74, 88, 92, 98, 125–134, 235, 271, 280

congressional apportionments, 40–43

counties, 131, 239, 276

data capture, 125

dual-systems estimation (DSE), 160, 161, 167–168

group quarters, 155, 271, 297–301, 348–349

hot-deck imputation, 128, 271

household size, 127–130

household surveys, general, 134

housing tenure, 272, 273, 277–279, 283

long-form-sample data, 10, 23, 74, 125–134, 270, 271, 274, 281, 283, 286, 287, 329, 347–349

matching, 126, 131

1980 census, 129

1990 census, 74, 129, 167, 340

nonresponse follow-up vs, 59, 133, 340

overseas, apportionment counts, 40–41

population estimates, general, 132, 167–168, 270–276

race/ethnicity, 132, 241–243, 272, 273–275, 277–280, 283, 316–317, 318

renters, 272, 273, 277–279

sex differences, 272, 273, 274, 283

2000 census, 83, 88, 92, 129, 179, 186, 187, 196, 197–199, 270–286, 340

white persons, 127, 198–199, 293

whole-household/whole-person imputation, 127–131, 177–178, 186, 192, 230, 235–240, 273, 275–276, 281, 291–292, 332, 341

Income data, 2, 24

See also Poor persons;

Socioeconomic data and analysis

long-form-sample data, 2, 10, 60, 119, 269, 282, 284, 285, 286

poverty, 62, 63, 65, 68, 293–294, 295, 299

uses of census data, 61, 63, 67, 68–69

Individual Census Reports, 151

Inmovers, see Movers

Insufficient information cases, 160

E-sample, 187, 192–193

Integrated Coverage Measurement (ICM), 85, 88, 91, 92, 172–173, 231

Interactive voice response (IVR), 115

Internet, 99, 100, 104, 112, 275

InterSurvey Inc., 112

Interviewing procedures, 9

See also Enumerators

A.C.E., 9, 200, 263, 265, 266, 346

computer-assisted, 172, 189, 200, 270, 286, 326

group quarters, 154–155

reinterviewing practices, 22

telephone, 172, 189, 270, 286

K

Karcher v. Daggett, 45

Key from image (KFI), 118

L

Language factors

advertising, 107

Asians, awareness of census, 109

long-form-sample data uses, 61–62, 65, 66

private sector uses of census data, 59

questionnaire content, 21, 117

voting rights, language minorities, 47, 49, 51, 61–62

voting rights, literacy, 47, 49, 61–62

Legislation

A.C.E. improvement, proposed, 8–9

Address List Improvement Act, 79

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

Americans with Disabilities Act, 64

apportionment, constitutional mandate, 1, 15, 36, 38, 43

Census Act (Title 13), 90–91, 149

constitutional mandate, 1

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 62–63

Federal Transit Act, 64

Immigration and Nationality Act, 307

National Origins Act, 307

overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–39

P.L. 94–171, 53, 273

P.L. 105–18, 88–89

redistricting, 45, 46

Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303

Workforce Investment Act Program and Youth Activities, 63

List/enumerate areas, 130, 239–240, 283, 285, 287, 331

Living Situation Survey, 81

Local area information, 33

See also Counties;

Rural areas;

Urban areas

characterization of areas, census data uses, 33, 58, 115

mail return rate, 94, 103

nonresponse follow-up, 124

Local census office

See also Employment of enumerators;

Enumerators

1990 census, 74, 76

2000 census, 107, 120–121, 124

Local government, general

census coverage, cooperation of, 99, 107, 153

census data, use of, 4

census outreach efforts, 107

Delivery Sequence File, 21

fund allocation, 28, 58, 61, 62–63

group quarters, 154

long-form additional data uses, 61, 62, 65–66

Master Address File (MAF), 4, 78, 79, 142, 143

planning agencies, 58, 64, 65

special places, address review, 137

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135–137, 140, 142–150, 329, 342

group quarters, 137, 152

Long form

continuation forms, 130

design/analysis (1990 census), 71, 73, 74

design/analysis (2000 census), 80–81, 82, 105, 119, 130

mail response/return rates, 100, 101, 102, 106

optical data capture, 116–117

privacy/confidentiality concerns, 112

Long-form data defined, see Data-defined

Long-form sample, 1–2, 9–11, 18, 19, 23, 31, 260, 269–301

additional data, uses of, 59–69, 269–270, 296–297

administrative records and, 269, 297

American Community Survey (ACS) and, 11, 94–95, 134, 300, 348, 349

blacks, quality measures, 273–275, 278, 292–293

census tracts, 34, 80, 291, 292

commuting and commuters, data on, 65, 66

consistency measures, 10, 11, 23, 119, 125, 128, 134, 272, 277–279, 288–290, 294, 295–296, 347–348

disabled persons, 63, 65, 66

educational attainment, 65, 66, 68

elderly persons, 62, 68

employment status, 11, 348, 349

Hispanics, 34, 273–275, 278, 284, 293

historical data uses, 59–60, 68

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

imputation, 10, 23, 74, 125–134, 270, 271, 274, 281, 283, 286, 287, 329, 347–349

income data, 2, 10, 60, 119, 269, 282, 284, 285, 286

language factors, uses of data, 61–62, 65, 66

local government uses, 61, 62, 65–66

metropolitan statistical areas, 64–65

missing data, 10, 27–28, 74, 125–134, 155, 276–277, 280–281, 286–288, 294–295, 297, 299, 341, 347, 348

Native Americans, 278, 279

1990 census, 74, 273, 285

nonresponse and, 260, 272–273, 275, 284, 286, 288, 294

NRC panel recommendations, 95, 296, 300–301, 347–349

private sector uses, 60, 66–67

Public Use Microdata Samples, 11, 33

redistricting, 61

sex differences, 62, 272, 273, 274, 283

small-area data, 60–61, 68, 95

state government uses, 61, 62, 65–66

Summary Files, 11, 33

tabulations of, 34–35

taxation and, 60, 284, 285, 287, 294

weighting and variance estimation, 273, 281, 291–294

white persons, data quality measures, 278, 293

M

Mail response rate, 17–18

advertising and outreach, 3, 107–112

age factors, 101, 123

blacks, 102, 123

census tracts, 102, 222

defined, 100

demographic analysis, 101–103, 114, 123

enumerators vs, 122–124

evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 104, 105, 108–114

group quarters, 153

historical patterns, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102–103, 104, 107

long form, 100, 101, 102, 106

marketing studies, 108–112

Master Address File (MAF), 109

matching, 109–111

1990 census, 75–76, 80, 81, 100, 101, 105, 108

population estimates, 59

privacy concerns, 110–112

regression analysis, 102, 109–110, 112

socioeconomic status, 114

targeted second questionnaire, 4, 82, 107

2000 census, 78, 81–82, 85–86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104–113 (passim), 279, 286

Mail return rate, 16, 25, 76–77, 80, 98, 99, 100–103, 105–106, 108, 111–112

age factors, 101, 123

census tracts, 102, 222

defined, 100

elderly persons, 102

long form, 100, 101, 102, 106

racial/ethnic groups, 102, 109, 114, 123

Mailing package

design, 1990 census, 71, 73

design, 2000 census, 81, 97, 113

evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27

Mailings, other

See also Address lists, general;

Postal Service

multiple mailings, 106–107, 113–114

1990 census, 73

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

2000 census, 98, 275

2010 census, 340

Management factors, see Organization and management factors

Maps and mapping, 55, 66, 75

computer applications, 66, 73, 75, 147, 342

geographic information system (GIS), 147

TIGER, 73, 75, 147, 342

Marital status, 60, 80, 284, 287, 292, 312, 313, 316

Master Address File (MAF), 98

A.C.E., 140, 141, 161, 172, 189, 235–236, 277

computer technology, general, 137–138

cost/funding, 135, 149

counties, 142, 144, 145

development of, 78–79, 86, 92, 98, 134–151

dual-systems estimation, 140, 161

duplicate addresses, 27, 104, 137–140, 141

duplicate enumeration, 4, 21, 82, 92, 104, 105, 137, 138, 141, 145, 146, 147, 161, 192, 240

erroneous addresses, 20–21, 27, 28, 137, 144, 145–146, 148

evaluation research, 12, 350–351

geocoding errors, 137, 141

gross error, 4, 141–142

group quarters, 137, 147, 152, 156, 342

local government, general, 4, 78, 79, 142, 143

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135–137, 140, 142–150, 329, 342

mail response rate, 109

multiunit structures, 21, 140, 342

nonresponse follow-up, 137, 139

NRC panel recommendations, 3–4, 138, 150–151, 328, 330, 333, 335, 341–342, 350–351

NRC panel study mandate, 16

population estimates, 142, 143

privacy and confidentiality, 79, 144, 149–150

rural areas, 20–21, 78–79

state government, 4, 342

TIGER and, 147, 148, 149, 150

time requirements for development, 79

undercount, 141

urban areas, 78–79

weighting and variance estimation, 140

Master Trace Sample, 12, 114, 333, 351

Matching

A.C.E., 7, 8, 13, 24, 145, 159, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 189, 192, 198–199, 202–204, 205, 208, 228, 246, 263, 264, 265, 279, 346

A.C.E. Revision II, 210, 212, 215, 220–221, 226–228, 230, 246

computer matching, 167, 172, 180–182, 186, 202, 213, 214, 215, 218, 262, 335

dual-systems estimation, 79, 85, 159, 160–163, 170

group quarters, 154

households, 202, 203

imputation and, 126, 131

long-form-sample data quality assurance, 260

mail response evaluation, 109–111

Matching Error Study, 203, 210

NRC panel recommendations, 263, 264, 265

optical recognition evaluation, 118

planning for 2010 census, 186

race/ethnicity, 204, 223, 224, 319, 320–321

redistricting, 46

targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208

urban areas, 204

Matching Error Study, 203, 210, 218, 246

Medicaid, 62

Medicare, 164

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 64–65

Microdata, 12, 17, 33, 279, 336, 337, 352

migration flows, 69

Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), 11, 33, 281, 296, 333, 348

uses of, 68, 69, 352

Military personnel overseas, apportionment counts, 38–39

Minor civil division (MCD), 34, 53, 55, 142, 144

Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity;

specific groups

Missing data, 342, 348–349

A.C.E. Revision II, 221–223

complete-count items, 276–279, 280

group quarters, 28, 155, 342, 348–349

long-form sample, 10, 27–28, 74, 125–134, 155, 276–279, 280–281, 286–288, 294–295, 297, 299, 341, 347, 348

poststratum, 195–197

Monitoring Board, see Census Monitoring Board

Mosbacher, Robert, 37

Movers, 201, 208, 213, 218, 220, 221, 234, 246, 247, 262, 264, 266, 343

P-sample, 172–173, 179, 187, 189, 190–191, 194–198 (passim), 201

Multiple response modes

Be Counted, 104, 105

Internet, 99, 100, 104

Multiunit structures

geocoding, 252

Master Address File (MAF), 21, 140, 342

number of, 99

Multivariate analysis, 25, 199

N

National Center for Health Statistics, 58

National Content Survey, 310–311, 323

National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 108–110, 111

National Origins Act, 307

National Processing Center, 72, 115

National Science Foundation, 65

Native Americans, 174, 238, 241, 308, 311, 314, 315, 320

A.C.E. Revision II, 222–223, 224, 227–229

long-form-sample quality measures, 278, 279

marketing study to assess response, 109

on reservations, 223, 224, 238

tribal governments, Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 21

tribal leaders, 99

Noncitizens, see Foreigners

Noncity-style address, 73, 79, 135, 137

Nonmovers, 173, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 219, 220, 221, 224, 232, 246

Nonresponse, 59, 340

See also Mail response rate;

Mail return rate

long-form-sample data, 260, 272–273, 275, 284, 286, 288, 294

Nonresponse follow-up (NRFU), 3, 82

age factors, 123

black persons, 123

census tracts, 83

congressional input, 83, 88–89

costs, 3, 75, 82–84, 93, 99, 101, 133, 134, 340

demographic analysis, 114, 123

enumerators, error caused by, 21, 119, 121–122

evaluation of effectiveness, general, 27

Hispanics, 123, 284

imputation vs, 59, 133, 340

Master Address File (MAF), 137, 139

multiple mailings, 106–107, 113–114, 275

redistricting, 83–84

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

renters, 123

sampling for nonresponse follow-up (SNRFU), 84, 87, 88, 89–91, 92, 172–173

sex differences, 123

telephone, see Telephone follow-up

time limits, 84

1990 census, 76

2000 census, 99, 103–104, 113–114, 120–125, 133, 340

total (100 percent) follow-up, 92, 93

workup/implementation, 1990 census, 72, 75–76

workup/implementation, 2000 census, 82–84, 87, 88, 89–91, 92, 98, 99, 106–107, 120–124, 202, 340

workup/implementation, 2010 census, 340, 341

O

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

long-form-sample data uses, 64–65

race/ethnicity coverage directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322

Omissions, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 29, 42, 54, 137, 141, 146, 155, 158, 179, 182–183, 188, 209, 344

dual-system estimation, 42

general, 20

Operational trials, 2, 26

See also Dress rehearsals

time requirements, 26

Optical recognition

1990 census, 74, 116

2000 census, 115–117, 118, 172

Organization and management factors, 325–330, 350–351

A.C.E., 326–330 (passim), 350–351

workup to 1990 census, 72

Outmover, see Movers

Outreach, see Advertising and outreach

Overcount, 5–6, 17, 29, 204

See also Duplicate enumeration;

Undercount

A.C.E., 6–7, 8–9, 158, 176, 179–180, 185, 246, 249

A.C.E. Revision II, 158, 209–217, 249–251, 258

adjustment policy, 6, 17, 18, 28, 176, 179–180

counties, 249–250

duplication, 7, 27–28, 42, 180

gross coverage error, 4, 19

net overcount, 127, 158, 176, 185, 249–251

P

Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, 68–69

Parolees and probationers, 74

Partnership agreements, 107–109

Person Duplication Studies, 179, 180, 200, 208, 211, 214–217, 333, 351

See also Further Study of Person Duplication

Person record, 33, 35, 135, 276

P.L. 94–171, 53, 273

P.L. 103–130,

see Address List Improvement Act

Planning, Research, and Evaluation Division (PRED), 326, 328

Political factors, 17, 26, 86, 88

See also Apportionment;

Redistricting

Census Advisory Committee, 86–87

comparison of decennial censuses, 24–25

Congress, political parties, 2, 75, 86, 88–89, 92–93, 94

stakeholders relations with Census Bureau, 11, 30, 31, 69, 71, 75, 77, 83, 86, 92, 95

Poor persons

long-form-sample data, 62, 63, 65, 68, 293–294, 295, 299

Medicaid allocations, 62

Workforce Investment Act Program and Youth Activities, 63

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

Population estimates, general, 1

See also Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation;

Apportionment;

Overcount;

Post-Enumeration Survey;

Redistricting;

Undercount

age-related, 55, 58, 229, 239

demographic analysis, 55, 164–165, 181–183

group quarters, 156, 342–343

imputation, 132, 167–168, 270–276

Master Address File (MAF), 142, 143

NRC panel general evaluation, 28–29, 31

overseas residents, apportionment counts, 41

postcensal estimates, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258

uses of, 55–59

Population groups, general, 30, 33

See also Demographic data and analysis;

Poststratification and poststrata;

Race/ethnicity

A.C.E., 9, 28, 159, 177–178, 179, 183–184

dual-systems estimation, 159

long-form additional data uses, 60

multivariate analysis, 25

questionnaire/mailing package design, 105–106

summary and microdata, 33

Postal Service (USPS)

census tracts, use of, 67

Delivery Sequence File (DSF), 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 5, 8, 27, 75, 86, 91, 158, 159, 166–169

See also P-sample

A.C.E. and, 7, 157, 162, 163, 171–174, 176, 178, 187–205 (passim), 208, 209, 212, 227–229, 245–247, 252–253, 260, 343, 345

A.C.E. Revision II and, 226–231, 246, 247

block clusters, 141, 162, 166–167

court cases, 166, 168–170

gross error, 188, 203, 243–244, 252–253

group quarters, 151, 154, 155, 156, 171, 343

PES-A, 167

PES-B, 167, 172–173, 191, 246, 264

PES-C, 173, 191, 197, 246, 264

undercount, 75, 231, 249, 260–261, 345

Poststratification and poststrata, A.C.E./A.C.E. Revision II, 7, 9, 169, 174, 181, 189, 191, 206–208 (passim), 236, 247–248, 251, 258–259, 346

See also E-sample

definition (original 2000 A.C.E.), see Table E.3 in text

dual system estimation, 193, 205

missing characteristics, 195–197

NRC panel recommendations, 264, 266

P-sample, 159, 161, 162, 167–168, 173, 176, 177, 187, 197, 204, 236, 251

Primary selection algorithm (PSA), 240

Privacy and confidentiality, 12, 336, 352

advertising to allay fears, 110–112

contractors, use of, 12–13

evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 110–112

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 144

Master Address File (MAF), 79, 144, 149–150

race/ethnicity, 311

Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111

Private sector

See also Contracting and contractors

Address Control File, 72–73

Advisory Committee of Professional Associations, 87

Census Advisory Committee, 86–87

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

census data uses, 58–59

long-form additional data uses, 60, 66–67

partnership agreements, 107

questionnaire design, 106

Process evaluations, 22–24, 30

after-the-fact, 22–23

Program for Address List Supplementation (PALS), 79

Proxies

enumerations, 23, 251, 264

interviews, 124, 195, 196

responses, 55, 84, 222, 223, 258, 291, 333

P-sample, 85, 140, 159–162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 179, 187, 190–212 (passim), 218–226, 233, 245, 246–247, 253, 256, 257–258, 262, 263, 265, 319, 320, 333, 343, 346, 352

long-form-sample data, 270, 277–279, 281, 282, 283

movers, 172–173, 179, 187, 189, 190–191, 194–198 (passim), 201

Public education

See also Advertising and outreach census benefits, 15–16, 107, 109

school district allocations, 62–63

single-language minorities, 61–62

special education grants to states, 63

Public opinion, 15–16, 75, 107, 110–112

See also Advertising and outreach;

Political factors

Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111, 112

Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), 11, 33, 35, 67–68, 296, 333, 348

Q

Questionnaires

See also Optical recognition

address labeling (2000 census), 135

design, group quarters, 151, 154, 155, 156, 343

design, household size, 105, 127–128, 236

design (1990 census), 71, 73, 76, 312

design (2000 census), 78, 80–82, 85–86, 97, 105–107, 112, 113–114, 270, 312–316, 340

design (2010 census), 119–120, 265, 340

evaluation of effectiveness, general, 26–27, 85–86

race/ethnicity items, 312–313, 314–316, 349–350

response errors, 21, 118–119, 121–122

Spanish, 117, 118

targeted second questionnaire, 4, 82, 107

telephone assistance, 109, 115, 125–126, 134, 172

R

Race and Ethnicity Target Test (RAETT), 310, 311, 313, 323

Race/ethnicity, 170–171, 174, 303–324, 344–345

See also Foreigners;

Immigrants and immigration;

specific groups

advisory committees for minority groups, 86–87

complete-count data, 34, 273–275

consistency of data, 272, 277–279, 317–321, 324, 349

demographic analysis, general, 8, 75, 85, 164

discrimination based on, 52, 61, 64, 303

duplication/imputation, 241–243

household surveys, 58

imputation, 132, 241–243, 272, 273–275, 277–280, 283, 316–317, 318

long-form-sample data uses, 66

mail return rates, 102, 109, 114, 123

marketing study to assess response, 109

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

matching, 204, 223, 224, 319, 320–321

multiple races reported, 24, 35, 312–313, 317–318, 320, 349

NRC panel mandate, 16, 18

NRC panel recommendations, 321–324, 349–350

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322

population estimates, 55, 58, 59, 227–232

undercounts, 27, 75, 81, 84, 123

voting rights, redistricting, 47–54

Real-time process evaluation, 22–23

Reapportionment, see Apportionment

Redistricting, 1, 15, 17, 28, 33, 36–55

A.C.E., 92, 174–175, 177, 178–179

blacks, 43, 47, 52, 54

census tracts, 53

complete count data items, 34

coverage error, 37

long-form additional data uses, 61

nonresponse follow-up, 83–84

population size/districts by state, table, 56–57

racial/ethnic discrimination, 52, 303

small areas, 43–46 (passim)

2000 census, 87, 103, 267

Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303

Regression analysis, 332

mail response rate, 102, 109–110, 112

marketing study to assess response, 109–110, 111, 112

Renters, 2, 197, 204, 222

long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 277–279, 283

nonresponse follow-up, 123

undercounts, 27, 123, 238–239

Reservations, Native American, 223, 224, 238

tribal leaders, 99

Response rate, see Mail response rate;

Nonresponse follow-up

Return rate, see Mail return rate

Revision II, see A.C.E. Revision II

Reynolds v. Sims, 45

Rochester Institute of Technology Research Corporation, 117

Rural areas

Address Control File (ACF), 73

congressional apportionment, 37

Master Address File (MAF), 20–21, 78–79

S

Sample Census Edited File, 291

Sample data-defined, see Data-defined

Sensitivity analysis, 194, 199

Service-based enumeration (SBE), 151

Sex-related characterization, 317

A.C.E., 8, 183, 229, 255, 283

A.C.E. Revision II, 224, 225–226, 228, 246, 248, 255

complete-count data, 9–10, 34

demographic analysis, 8, 55, 75, 85, 164, 183, 224, 225–226, 246

duplicate enumeration, 241–243

household surveys, 58

long-form-sample data, imputation, 272, 273, 274, 283

long-form-sample data uses, 65

nonresponse follow-up, 123

population estimates, 55, 58, 170–171, 183, 225–226, 239

Short form

1960 census, 60

1990 census, 73

2000 census, 80, 82, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 118, 269, 274–275

2010 census, 3, 340

Short-form data-defined, see Data-defined

Small areas

See also Counties

A.C.E., 6, 259–260

American Community Survey (ACS), 3, 95, 340

demographic data uses, 55, 59

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

group quarters, geocoding, 153

long-form additional data, 60–61, 68, 95

migration flows, 59, 69

postcensal estimates, 254

public use microdata sample, 33

race/ethnicity, 317

redistricting, 43–46 (passim)

Socioeconomic data and analysis, 1–2, 269

See also Income data;

Poor persons mail response rate, 114

Medicaid reimbursement, 62

small areas, 68–69

state uses, 65

Special places, 33, 152

See also Group quarters

address lists, 135, 137

Standards

process evaluation, 23

quality indicators, 23–24

race/ethnicity coverage, OMB directive, 15, 304, 308–311, 312, 322

redistricting, 46

State government

census coverage, cooperation of, 99, 107, 342

census data, use of, 4, 15–16, 28, 55, 58

fund allocation, 28, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65

long-form additional data uses, 61, 62, 65–66

Master Address File (MAF), 4, 342

planning, 65, 66

Students, 21

Subnational areas, 6, 19, 85, 248–252

See also Counties;

Local area information;

Rural areas;

Urban areas

A.C.E., 6–7, 30, 249, 259

A.C.E. Revision II, 223, 243–244, 245, 249, 250–251

National Center for Health Statistics, 58

Post-Enumeration Survey, 75, 243, 249

race/ethnicity, 313, 320, 321

Summary Files, 11, 34–35, 102, 217, 239, 274, 281, 296, 300, 332, 348, 349

Supplement on Race and Ethnicity to the Current Population Survey, 310, 311, 323

Supreme Court, 71

address lists, 149 (n.19)

census (2000), 71

congressional apportionment, 28, 37, 42–43, 90–92, 170

illegal immigrants, apportionment counts, 37–38

overseas residents, apportionment counts, 38–41

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 170

redistricting, 43, 44–45, 52

sampling-based methods prohibited, 28, 90–91

uncounted people, apportionment imputations, 42–43

Survey of Income and Population, 58

Survey of Privacy Attitudes, 110–111, 112

Synthetic errors, 164, 177, 186, 248, 251, 264

T

Targeted extended search (TES), 173–174, 177, 179, 187, 190, 196, 204–206, 208

Targeted second questionnaires, 4, 82, 107

Taxes

administrative records, 78

congressional apportionment and, 305

long-form-sample data, 60, 284, 285, 287, 294

Telephone follow-up

interactive voice response (IVR), 115

1990 census, 74, 125–126

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

questionnaire assistance, 109, 115, 125–126, 134, 172

2000 census, 80, 104–105, 109, 125–126, 132, 134, 172, 275

Television advertising, 107, 109

Time factors

See also Historical perspectives

A.C.E., 30, 178, 186, 187, 188, 266

A.C.E. Revision II, 266–267

American Community Survey, 339–340

census block-level data analysis, 9

census design deadline, 3–4, 26

census implementation, general, 97, 339–340

congressional apportionment deadlines, 36, 103, 170

congressional redistricting deadlines, 9, 103, 178, 267

controlled timing and execution, 103–104

count changes, 35

data capture, 115–117

data processing, 126, 131

enumerators, 120–123

evaluation research, 11–12

Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) Program, 4, 16, 79, 135

Master Address File development, 79

nonresponse follow-up, 1990 census, 76

nonresponse follow-up, 2000 census, 99, 103–104, 113–114, 120–125, 133, 340

NRC general evaluation of 2000 census, 27, 103–104, 105

NRC panel methodology, 17–18

NRC panel recommendations, 95, 266–267, 339–340

operational trials, 2, 26

real-time process evaluation, 22, 337

timeliness, general,

1990 census, 83, 86

2000 census, 2, 3, 10, 11, 17–18, 27, 31, 86, 97–98, 105, 114, 115–120, 266–267, 339, 340

2010 census, 4, 12, 84, 266–267, 339–340

Titan Corporation, 119

Title 13, see Census Act

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System (TIGER), 73, 75, 147–150 (passim), 342

Tracts, see Census tracts

Type of enumeration area

definition, see Box C.2 in text

U

Undercount, 5–6, 17, 29, 42–43, 78, 84

See also Overcount

A.C.E., 6–7, 8–9, 29, 158, 162, 176, 178–179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 206, 208, 230–231, 237, 246, 249, 252, 255–257, 260–261, 343, 345

A.C.E. Revision II, 158, 185, 209, 217–226, 230–231, 247–248, 249–251, 253–256, 258

adjustment policy, 6, 17, 18, 28

children, 27, 75, 85, 123, 225–226, 253–255 (passim)

dual-systems estimation, 162

gross coverage error, 4, 19, 29, 178–179

net undercount, 5, 7, 8, 19, 20, 27, 29, 37, 42, 54, 58, 74, 77, 84, 127, 157, 158, 166, 168, 176, 179, 180–182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 230–231, 249–250, 252, 258, 343, 344, 345

1990 census, 5–6, 74, 75, 77, 157

political stakeholders, 29

population groups, 27, 123

Post-Enumeration Survey (PES), 75, 231, 249, 260–261, 345

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
×

racial/ethnic groups, 3–4, 21, 78, 79, 83, 135

redistricting, 45

Unduplication, 7, 104, 105, 141, 145, 146, 147, 154, 156, 176, 192, 235–236

Update/leave areas, 73, 100, 137, 329, 331

Urban areas

Address Control File, 72–73

block canvass, 135

congressional apportionment, 37

long-form-sample data uses, 64–65, 68

matching, 204

metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 64–65

net overcount/undercount, 250

poverty, 68–69

redistricting, general, 46, 52, 55

Usual residence, 131, 154, 200, 243, 263, 345

Utah v. Evans, 40

V

Variance estimation, see Weighting and variance estimation

Vital statistics

birth records, 8, 55, 58–60 (passim), 164, 165, 169, 180, 181, 183, 184, 196, 214, 225, 246, 254, 260

children, biennial population estimates, 55

death records, 8, 55, 58, 59, 164, 169

demographic analysis and, 164, 181, 184

National Center for Health Statistics, 58

population estimates and, 55, 58, 59

postcensal estimates and, 6, 8, 28, 169, 182, 183–184, 185, 254–258

Voting Rights Act, 43, 47, 49–53, 61–62, 303

W

Weighting and variance estimation

A.C.E., 171, 187, 194–195, 204–205

A.C.E. Revision II, 221–222

dual-systems estimation, 160, 205

funding, population estimates for, 58

long form (1990 census), 74

long-form-sample data (2000 census), 273, 281, 291–294

Master Address File (MAF), 140

undercounts, 58

White persons, 174, 227–231, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 320

advertising campaign, awareness of, 110

duplicate enumeration, 239, 241

imputation, 127, 198–199, 293

long-form-sample data, quality measures, 278, 293

mail return rates, 102

undercount, 157, 247

Whole-household/whole-person imputation, 127–131, 177–178, 186, 192, 230, 235–240, 273, 275–276, 281, 291–292, 332, 341

Workforce Investment Act Adult Program and Youth Activities, 63

Suggested Citation:"Index to Chapters 1-10." National Research Council. 2004. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10907.
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The decennial census was the federal government’s largest and most complex peacetime operation. This report of a panel of the National Research Council’s Committee on National Statistics comprehensively reviews the conduct of the 2000 census and the quality of the resulting data. The panel’s findings cover the planning process for 2000, which was marked by an atmosphere of intense controversy about the proposed role of statistical techniques in the census enumeration and possible adjustment for errors in counting the population. The report addresses the success and problems of major innovations in census operations, the completeness of population coverage in 2000, and the quality of both the basic demographic data collected from all census respondents and the detailed socioeconomic data collected from the census long-form sample (about one-sixth of the population). The panel draws comparisons with the 1990 experience and recommends improvements in the planning process and design for 2010. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity will be an invaluable resource for users of the 2000 data and for policymakers and census planners. It provides a trove of information about the issues that have fueled debate about the census process and about the operations and quality of the nation’s twenty-second decennial enumeration.

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