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Summary of the Power Systems Workshop on
Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community
Interim Report
October 9-10, 2003
Washington, D.C.
Greg Eyring,
Rapporteur
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAl ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by Contract No. 2003-A442100-000 between the National Academy of Sciences and the
Intelligence Technology Innovation Center (ITIC). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed in this publication are those of the authoress and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations
or agencies that provided support for the project.
Cover: SEM micrograph images courtesy of DARPA and ITN Energy Systems.
A limited number of copies of this report are available from the National Materials Advisory Board, 500 Fifth
Street, N.W., Keck WS932, Washington, DC 20001; (202) 334-3505 or (202) 334-3718; Internet,
Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Stienre, Engineering, and Medirine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in
scientific and engineering research' dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general
welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a
parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing
with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent
members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community
of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National
Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
ROBERT J. HERMANN, Chair, Global Technology Partners, LLC, Hartford, Connecticut
ANTONIO A. CANTU, U.S. Secret Service, Washington, D.C.
NAMES J. DE YOREO, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
DANIEL H. DOUGHTY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
LAWRENCE H. Dug OIS, SRI International, Menio Park, California
ALAN H. EPSTEIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
WILHELM B. GAUSTER, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
SHIRLEY A. JACKSON, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
SIEGFRIED W. JANSON, The Aerospace Corporation, E1 Segundo, California
ANTHONY F. LAVIANO, Raytheon, E1 Segundo, California
DEBRA R. ROLIS ON, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
R. PAUL SCHAUDIES, Science Applications International Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
JULIA R. WEERTMAN, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
ELLEN D. WILLIAMS, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
MARY H. YOUNG, HRL Laboratories, Malibu, California
NRC Staff
JAMES KILLIAN, Senior Staff Officer
RUSSELL MOY, Senior Staff Officer
TERI G. THOROWGOOD, Research Associate
GREG EYRING, Rapporteur (consultant)
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NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
JULIA M. PHILLIPS, Chair, Sanclia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
JOHN ALLISON, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
PAUL BECHER, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
BARBARA BOYAN, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
ROBERT I. CAVA, Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton, New Jersey
FIONA DOYLE, University of California, Berkeley
GARY FISCHMAN, Consultant, Palatine, Illinois
HAMISH L. FRASER, Ohio State University, Columbus
JOHN J. GASSNER, U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts
THOMAS S. HARTWICK, Consultant, Redmond, Washington
ARTHUR H. HEWER, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
FRANK E. KARASZ, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
SHEILA F. KIA, General Motors, Warren, Michigan
ENRIQUE J. LAVERNIA, University of California, Davis
TERRY LOWE, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico
ALAN G. MILLER, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle
ROBERT C. PFAHL, JR., National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative, Herndon, Virginia
HENRY I. RACK, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
LINDA SCHADLER, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
JAMES C. SEFERIS, University of Washington, Seattle
T.S. SUDARSHAN, Materials Modification, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
JULIA WEERTMAN, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
NRC Staff
TONI MARECHAUX, Director
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Acknowledgments
The committee appreciates the participation of all who attended the workshop ant! the
following individuals who prepares! presentations:
George Blomgren, Blomgren Consulting
Nancy Delaney, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Michael Helter, University of California, San Diego
Kevin Hemker, Johns Hopkins University
Terry Lowe, Los Alamos National Laboratory (NMAB member)
John Miller, Consultant, JME, Inc.
Dane Morgan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert Nowack, Consultant
Debra Rolison, Naval Research Laboratory (committee member)
Ann Marie Sastry, University of Michigan
Dan Scherson, Case Western Reserve University
Daniel Steingart, University of California
Esther Takeuchi, Wilson Greatbatch, Ltd.
George Whitesides, Harvard University (committee member)
This summary has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and
technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's
(NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review was to provide
candid, critical comments to assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as
sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity,
evidence, and responsiveness. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain
privileged to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following
individuals for their participation in the review of this summary:
Aladar A. Csontos, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Robert J. Dowding, U.S. Army Research Laboratory
David R. Forrest, Naval Surface Warfare Center
Robert Shull, National Institute of Standards and Technology
The review of this report was overseen by Robert A. Frosch, Harvard University.
Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination
of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
comments were carefully considered. While the individuals listed above provided many
constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of the summary rests
solely with the rapporteur and the NRC.
1
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All
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
TOPIC 1: Overview of Power Technologies
TOPIC 2: Nanoscale Properties of Energy Storage Materials
TOPIC 3: Device Experience
TOPIC 4: Manufacturing and Material Handling Considerations
TOPIC 5: Natural Power
TOPIC 6: Review of National Science Foundation Report
APPENDIXES
A Workshop Participants and Agenda, 23
B List of Attendees, 27
C Committee Biographies, 29
D Acronyms, 37
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3
7
11
15
17
21
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