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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Bridging the Bed-Bench Gap: Contributions of the Markey Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10920.
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Page 40
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Bridging the Bed-Bench Gap: Contributions of the Markey Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10920.
×
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Bridging the Bed-Bench Gap: Contributions of the Markey Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10920.
×
Page 42

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Re erences AAFRC Trust for Philanthropy. 2002. Giving USA 2002. Indianapolis, Ind.: American Asso- ciation of Fundraising Counsel. American Cancer Society, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and The Pew Charitable Trust. 1998. Strengthening Health Research in America: Philanthropy's Role. Arias, I. M. 1989. Training basic scientists to bridge the gap between basic science and its application to human disease. New England Journal of Medicine 321 (Oct. 5):972- 974. Arias, I. M. 2003. Bridge building between medicine and basic science. A paper commis- sioned for the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust Programs Evaluation, Washing- ton, D.C.: National Research Council. Auerbach, A. H. 1994. Wild Ride: The Rise and Fall of Calumet Fann, Inc., America's Premier Racing Dynasty. New York: Henry Holt. Bunn, H. F., and C. G. Casey. 1995. Educating the Biomedical Scientist. Boston: Harvard Medi- cal School. Dickason, J. H., and D. Neuhauser. 2000. Closing a Foundation: The Lucille P. Markey Chan- table Trust. Washington, D.C.: Council on Foundations. Egan, L. W., E. K. Gallin, and N. S. Sung. Letter to the Editor: Debt Repayment for Trainees. 2002. New England Journal of Medicine 346(3):2013. Fichtner, M. 1990. Mrs. Markey's money: She willed her wealth to science, trust decides who gets it. Miami Herald. Dec. 2, p. 1H. Foundation Center. 2002. Foundation Yearbook 2002. New York: Foundation Center. Gill, G. 1984. The end of the physician-scientist? The American Scholar 53(3):353-369. Goldstein, J. L., and M. S. Brown. 1997. The clinical investigator: Bewitched, bothered, and bewildered but still beloved. Editorial. Journal of Clinical Investigation 99:2803- 2812. Gove~nent Printing Office. 2003. The budget for fiscal year 2003. Available at ~http:// w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/fy2003/pdf/budl5.pdf>. 40

REFERENCES 41 Gray, M. L., and J. V. Bonventure. 2002. Training PhD researchers to translate science to clinical medicine: Closing the gap from the other side. Nature Medicine 8(5):433- 436. Hartwell, L. 1992. Bringing the basic scientist into human disease research. Molecular Biol- ogy and Cell Aug. 3(8):837-838. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 2001. HHMI Announces National Competition for Ap- pointment of Investigators Who Conduct Patient-Oriented Research. Available at <http: / / www .hhmi.org /news /061201 .htm> . Institute of Medicine. 1988. Resources for Clinical Investigation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. 1995. 1995 Scholars Conference and Symposium on General Organizational Programs. Chicago, Ill.: Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. 1996. Final Report 1983-1996. Miami, Fla.: Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. Nathan, D. G. 1998. Clinical research: Perceptions, reality, and proposed solutions. Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (Oct. 28):427-431. National Institutes of Health. 1998. Program Announcement. Available at <htto://~rants .nih. gov / training / careerdevelopmentawards.htm> . National Institutes of Health. 2001. Program Announcement available at <http://www.lrp .nih.gov/NILLRP/about/extramural/intro.htm>. National Research Council. 1969. Summary Report 1968: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2000. Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Nicklin, J. L. 1997. Markey Trust, having given $500-million, will close this year. Chronicle of Higher Education. Feb. 28, p. A33. Rosenberg, L. E. 1999. The physician-scientist: An essential-and fragile-link in the medical research chain. Journal of Clinical Investigation 103 (Jun.):1621-1626. Rosenberg, L. E., and T. J. Ley. 2003. The Endangered Physician-Scientist: Opportunities for Revitalization Emerge. A paper commissioned for the Lucille P. Markey Chari- table Trust Programs Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. Sanderson, A. R., B. L. Dugoni, T. B. Hofer, and S. L. Myers. 2000. Doctorate Recipients for United States Universities: Summary Report 1999. Chicago, Ill.: National Opinion Research Center. Shine, K. I. 1998. Encouraging clinical research by physician scientists. Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association 280(16):1442-1444. Wyngaarden, J. B. 1979. The clinical investigator as an endangered species. New England Journal of Medicine 301(Dec. 6):1254-1259. Zemlo, T. R., H. H. Garrison, N. C. Partridge, and T. J. Ley. 2000. The physician-scientist: Career issues and challenges at the year 2000. FASEB Journal 14(Feb.):222-230.

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Since the 1970s there has been a serious gap between fundamental biological research and its clinical application. In response to this gap the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust instituted the General Organizational Grants program, which funded two types of awards to provide training that would bridge the bed-bench gap. These training awards fell into two categories: (1) those that provided significant opportunities for M.D.s to engage in basic research during and immediately following medical school and residency, and (2) those that provided significant clinical exposure for Ph.D.s while they were predoctoral or postdoctoral students. These grants were intended to close the widening gap between rapid advances in our understanding of the biological process and the translation of that knowledge into techniques for preventing diseases. This report examines the General Organizational Grant programs, identifies best practices, and provides observations for future philanthropic funders.

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