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PAPERBACK + PDF your price: $41.00 add to cart PAPERBACK list:$35.00 Web:$31.50 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $27.00 add to cart PDF CHAPTERS your price: $2.10 select Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF Report Brief PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two) Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership: First Report Other Related Titles The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004) National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 141   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Appendix E Spreadsheet Data from Hydrogen Supply Chain Cost Analyses INTRODUCTION Following are the hydrogen production spreadsheets that are the basis for Chapter 5 in this report. As noted there, these charts are for different combinations of feedstock, status of technology (current versus possible future), and whether or not sequestration of carbon dioxide is required at facilities processing hydrocarbon feedstock. A modified version of Table 5-2, with additional pathways, is included here as Table E-1 for convenience in following the charts. This table lists the code for each pathway as used for identification in the charts. The first spreadsheets are for the central station pathways, starting with a summary of the results in Table E-2. For each pathway, the hydrogen cost to the end user is listed as the sum of the production, distribution, and dispensing costs. The capital investment requirements and carbon dioxide emissions are also listed. Table E-3 is a summary of the design basis inputs for central plants. The central plants considered here can produce 1,200,000 kilograms of hydrogen per day (90 percent of the year), which will fuel more than 2 million fuel cell vehicles via four main transmission lines of 150 kilometers and 438 dispensing stations. The details for each pathway are then shown in Tables E-4 through E-12: first for natural gas, then coal, and nuclear. Finally, the associated transmission and dispensing analyses are shown in Tables E-13 through E-16. To illustrate the detailed production spreadsheets, take CS NG-C (Table E-4) as an example. The size of the plant (1,102,041 kg/day of hydrogen) and annual load factor (98 percent) are entered at the top. In the top right corner, the spreadsheet calculates the vehicles that this plant could fuel for the assumed fleet (2,135,250 vehicles equivalent to 65 miles-per-gallon hybrids). Then characteristics of the natural gas and electricity inputs are entered (the latter to calculate overall carbon dioxide emissions). Capital costs are calculated on a unit basis and then multiplied by the capacity assumed, for a total of $453 million. Finally, the hydrogen costs are calculated for the assumed fuel, other variable, and capital costs. The final figure is $1.03/kg at the plant, not including any charge for carbon emissions. Delivering the hydrogen to the filling station would add $0.42 (Table E-13), and the costs of the filling station itself would add another $0.54 (Table E-15) for a total of $1.99. The assumed charge for carbon emissions at the production plant and indirectly from electric power generation would add $0.13, for a grand total of $2.11 (“total H2 costs” for “CS NG-C” in Table E-2). Midsize plants are next, starting with the summary and design basis inputs in Tables E-17 and E-18. Natural gas and electrolysis plants are included here, unlike in Chapter 5. The analyses are shown in Tables E-19 to E-28. Also included is the distribution cost via tanker truck and dispensing costs, in Tables E-29 to E-32. Distributed plants start with a summary and design basis inputs (Tables E-33 and E-34), then natural gas (Tables E-35 and E-36) and grid-based electrolysis (Tables E-37 to E-39) Included under the latter is a combination of natural-gas-assisted steam electrolysis case, for future technology only. Wind and photovoltaics are shown for both stand-alone units (Tables E-40 to E-43) and in combination with the power grid (Tables E-44 to E-47). Tables E-48 and E-49 show the detailed buildup of the cost of electricity from photovoltaics, which is an input to the electrolysis calculations. Page 141 Front Matter (R1-R16) Executive Summary (1-7) 1. Introduction (8-10) 2. A Framework for Thinking About the Hydrogen Economy (11-24) 3. The Demand Side: Hydrogen End-Use Technologies (25-36) 4. Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of Hydrogen (37-44) 5. Supply Chains for Hydrogen and Estimated Costs of Hydrogen Supply (45-63) 6. Implications of a Transitionto Hydrogen in Vehicles for the U.S. Energy System (64-83) 7. Carbon Capture and Storage (84-90) 8. Hydrogen Production Technologies (91-105) 9. Crosscutting Issues (106-115) 10. Major Messages of the Report (116-122) References (123-126) Appendix A: Biographies of Committee Members (127-132) Appendix B: Letter Report (133-136) Appendix C: DOE Hydrogen Program Budget (137-138) Appendix D: Presentations and Committee Meetings (139-140) Appendix E: Spreadsheet Data from Hydrogen Supply Chain Cost Analyses (141-193) Appendix F: U.S. Energy Systems (194-197) Appendix G: Hydrogen Production Technologies: Additional Discussion (198-239) Appendix H: Useful Conversions and Thermodynamic Properties (240-240)

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs Appendix E Spreadsheet Data from Hydrogen Supply Chain Cost Analyses INTRODUCTION Following are the hydrogen production spreadsheets that are the basis for Chapter 5 in this report. As noted there, these charts are for different combinations of feedstock, status of technology (current versus possible future), and whether or not sequestration of carbon dioxide is required at facilities processing hydrocarbon feedstock. A modified version of Table 5-2, with additional pathways, is included here as Table E-1 for convenience in following the charts. This table lists the code for each pathway as used for identification in the charts. The first spreadsheets are for the central station pathways, starting with a summary of the results in Table E-2. For each pathway, the hydrogen cost to the end user is listed as the sum of the production, distribution, and dispensing costs. The capital investment requirements and carbon dioxide emissions are also listed. Table E-3 is a summary of the design basis inputs for central plants. The central plants considered here can produce 1,200,000 kilograms of hydrogen per day (90 percent of the year), which will fuel more than 2 million fuel cell vehicles via four main transmission lines of 150 kilometers and 438 dispensing stations. The details for each pathway are then shown in Tables E-4 through E-12: first for natural gas, then coal, and nuclear. Finally, the associated transmission and dispensing analyses are shown in Tables E-13 through E-16. To illustrate the detailed production spreadsheets, take CS NG-C (Table E-4) as an example. The size of the plant (1,102,041 kg/day of hydrogen) and annual load factor (98 percent) are entered at the top. In the top right corner, the spreadsheet calculates the vehicles that this plant could fuel for the assumed fleet (2,135,250 vehicles equivalent to 65 miles-per-gallon hybrids). Then characteristics of the natural gas and electricity inputs are entered (the latter to calculate overall carbon dioxide emissions). Capital costs are calculated on a unit basis and then multiplied by the capacity assumed, for a total of $453 million. Finally, the hydrogen costs are calculated for the assumed fuel, other variable, and capital costs. The final figure is $1.03/kg at the plant, not including any charge for carbon emissions. Delivering the hydrogen to the filling station would add $0.42 (Table E-13), and the costs of the filling station itself would add another $0.54 (Table E-15) for a total of $1.99. The assumed charge for carbon emissions at the production plant and indirectly from electric power generation would add $0.13, for a grand total of $2.11 (“total H2 costs” for “CS NG-C” in Table E-2). Midsize plants are next, starting with the summary and design basis inputs in Tables E-17 and E-18. Natural gas and electrolysis plants are included here, unlike in Chapter 5. The analyses are shown in Tables E-19 to E-28. Also included is the distribution cost via tanker truck and dispensing costs, in Tables E-29 to E-32. Distributed plants start with a summary and design basis inputs (Tables E-33 and E-34), then natural gas (Tables E-35 and E-36) and grid-based electrolysis (Tables E-37 to E-39) Included under the latter is a combination of natural-gas-assisted steam electrolysis case, for future technology only. Wind and photovoltaics are shown for both stand-alone units (Tables E-40 to E-43) and in combination with the power grid (Tables E-44 to E-47). Tables E-48 and E-49 show the detailed buildup of the cost of electricity from photovoltaics, which is an input to the electrolysis calculations.

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-1 Hydrogen Supply Chain Pathways Examined   Primary Energy Source Scale Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Biomass Grid-Based Electricity (from any source) Wind Photovoltaics Central station CN: CS NG-C CN: CS Coal-C             FN: CS NG-F FN: CS Coal-F F: CS Nu-F           CY: CS NG-C-Seq CY: CS Coal-C-Seq             FY: CS NG-F-Seq FY: CS Coal-F-Seq           Midsize       CN: MS Bio-C               FN: MS Bio-F               CY: MS Bio-C-Seq               FY: MS Bio-F-Seq       Distributed C: Dist NG-C       C: Dist Elec-C C: Dist WT-Gr Elec-C C: Dist PV-Gr Elec-C   F: Dist NG-F       F: Dist Elec-F F: Dist WT-Gr Elec-F F: Dist PV-Gr-Elec-F NOTES: C= current technology; Y= sequestration (hydrocarbon feedstock in central station and midsize plants only); F= future technology; N= no sequestration. The abbreviations for the hydrogen supply chain pathways (e.g., CS NG-C) are from the detailed spreadsheets that follow.

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-2 Central Plant Summary of Results Pathway CS NG-C CS NG-F CS NG-C-Seq CS NG-F- Seq CS Coal-C CS Coal-F CS Coal-C-Seq CS Coal-F-Seq CS Nu-F Table E- 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Capital investment, milion $   H2 production 453.39 326.85 623.75 425.54 1,151.92 868.18 1,177.33 889.97 2,468.19 Distribution 724.75 532.98 724.75 532.98 724.75 532.98 724.75 532.98 532.98 Dispensing 714.51 507.42 714.51 507.42 714.51 507.42 714.51 507.42 507.42 Total Capital Investment 1,892.66 1,367.25 2,063.01 1,465.95 2,591.18 1,908.58 2,616.59 1,930.38 3,508.59 Production costs, $/kg H2   Variable costs   Feed 0.75 0.71 0.79 0.73 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.20 Electricity 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.11 0.04 0.17 0.08   Decommission fund   0.06 Non-fuel O&M, 1%/yr of capital 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.06 Total variable costs 0.79 0.74 0.89 0.80 0.35 0.25 0.41 0.30 0.32 Fixed costs, 5%/yr of capital 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.31 Capital charges, 18%/yr of capital 0.18 0.13 0.25 0.17 0.46 0.35 0.47 0.36 1.00 Total Production Costs 1.03 0.92 1.22 1.02 0.96 0.71 1.03 0.77 1.63 Distribution costs, $/kg H2   Variable costs   Labor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fuel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Electricity 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Non-fuel O&M, 1%/yr of capital 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 Total variable costs 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 Fixed costs, 5%/yr of capital 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.07 Capital charges, 18%/yr of capital 0.29 0.21 0.29 0.21 0.29 0.21 0.29 0.21 0.21 Total Distribution Costs 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.31

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs Pathway CS NG-C CS NG-F CS NG-C-Seq CS NG-F- Seq CS Coal-C CS Coal-F CS Coal-C-Seq CS Coal-F-Seq CS Nu-F Table E- 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dispensing costs, $/kg H2   Variable costs   Electricity 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.11 Non-fuel O&M, 1%/yr of capital 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.06 Total variable costs 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.17 Fixed costs, 5%/yr of capital 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 Capital charges, 18%/yr of capital 0.25 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.18 Total Dispensing Costs 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.39 H2 costs, $/kg   Production 1.03 0.92 1.22 1.02 0.96 0.71 1.03 0.77 1.63 Distribution 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.42 0.31 0.31 Dispensing 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.54 0.39 0.39 CO2 disposal 0 0 0.09 0.08 0 0 0.16 0.15   Carbon tax 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.23 0.04 0.03   Total H2 Costs 2.11 1.73 2.28 1.82 2.17 1.63 2.19 1.64 2.33 Carbon dioxide vented to atmosphere   kg carbon/kg H2 2.51 2.39 0.42 0.35 5.12 4.56 0.82 0.60   Direct use 2.45 2.34 0.26 0.24 4.90 4.50 0.49 0.45   Indirect use 0.06 0.05 0.16 0.12 0.21 0.07 0.33 0.15   kg CO2/kg H2 9.22 8.75 1.53 1.30 18.76 16.73 3.00 2.21   Direct use 8.99 8.56 0.95 0.88 17.98 16.49 1.80 1.65   Indirect use 0.23 0.18 0.58 0.42 0.77 0.25 1.20 0.56   Carbon charge ($/kg) 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.23 0.04 0.03   Carbon dioxide sequestered   Carbon dioxide (kg CO2/kg H2)     8.56 7.91     16.19 14.84   Carbon     2.34 2.16     4.41 4.05  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-3 Central Hydrogen Plant Summary of Inputs  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-4 CS NG-C CS Size Hydrogen Steam Reforming of Natural Gas with Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-5 CS NG-F CS Size Hydrogen via Steam Reforming of Natural Gas with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-6 CS NG-C Seq CS Size Hydrogen via Steam Reforming of Natural Gas plus CO2 Capture with Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-7 CS NG-F Seq CS Size Hydrogen via Steam Reforming of Natural Gas Plus CO2 Capture with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-8 CS Coal-C CS Size Hydrogen via Coal Gasification with Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-9 CS Coal-F CS Size Hydrogen via Coal Gasification with Future Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-39 Dist NGASE-F Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Natural Gas-Assisted Steam Electrolysis of Water with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-40 Dist WT Ele-C Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Wind-Turbine-Based Electrolysis with Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-41 Dist WT Ele-F Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Wind-Turbine-Based Electrolysis with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-42 Dist PV Ele-C Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via PV Solar-Based Electrolysis with Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-43 Dist PV Ele-F Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via PV Solar-Based Electrolysis with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs Table E-44 Dist WT Gr Ele-C Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Wind Turbine/Grid Hybrid-Based Electrolysis with Current Costs  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-45 Dist WT-Gr Ele-F Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Wind Turbine/Grid Hybrid-Based Electrolysis with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs Table E-46 Dist PV-Gr Ele-C Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via Photovoltaics/Grid Hybrid-Based Electrolysis with Current Costs  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-47 Dist PV-Gr Ele-F Distributed Size Onsite Hydrogen via PV/Grid Hybrid-Based Electrolysis with Future Optimism  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-48 Dist PV-C Photovoltatic Solar Power Generation Economics for Current Technology  

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The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs TABLE E-49 Dist PV-F Photovoltaic Solar Power Generation Economics of Future Optimism  

Representative terms from entire chapter:

current technology