Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate

TABLE 6-8 Sodium Content of Human Milk

References	Study	Stage of Lactation^a	Sodium Concentration (g/L)^b
Gross et al., 1980	18 women	1 mo pp	0.20
Picciano et al., 1981	26 women	1 mo pp	0.15
		2 mo pp	0.12
		3 mo pp	0.13
Keenan et al., 1982	14 women	3.5–6 wk pp	0.18
	14 women	8.5–18 wk pp	0.11
	12 women	20–32 wk pp	0.12
Lemons et al., 1982	7 women	1 mo pp	0.16
	13 women	1.5 mo pp	0.20 (preterm)
	9 women	> 2 mo pp	0.16 (preterm)
Dewey and Lonnerdal, 1983	20 women	1 mo pp	0.23
		2 mo pp	0.26
		3 mo pp	0.18
		4 mo pp	0.18
		5 mo pp	0.17
		6 mo pp	0.13
Morriss et al., 1986	52 women	3 wk pp	0.17
		5 mo pp	0.11
^a pp = postpartum. ^b Bold values also used in determining sodium concentration for months 7 through 12.

Sodium and Chloride AI Summary, Ages 0 Through 12 Months

AI for Sodium for Infants
0–6 months	0.12 g (5 mmol)/day of sodium
7–12 months	0.37 g (16 mmol)/day of sodium
AI for Chloride for Infants
0–6 months	0.18 g (5 mmol)/day of chloride
7–12 months	0.57 g (16 mmol)/day of chloride

Infant Formula

Current regulations for infant formulas are a minimum of 20 mg/100 kcal (≈ 0.14 g [5.9 mmol]/L for sodium content based on 676 kcal/L) to a maximum sodium content of 60 mg/100 kcal (0.40 g

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R20

Summary 1-20

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 21-36

2 Overview and Methods 37-49

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 50-72

4 Water 73-185

5 Potassium 186-268

6 Sodium and Chloride 269-423

7 Sulfate 424-448

8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water 449-464

9 A Research Agenda 465-470

Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms 471-476

Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes 477-484

Appendix C: Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements 485-493

Appendix D: U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 494-517

Appendix E: U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994–1996, 1998 518-526

Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990–1997 527-533

Appendix G: U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 534-536

Appendix H: U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 537-545

Appendix I: Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure 546-557

Appendix J: Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 558-563

Appendix K: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 564-568

Appendix L: Acknowledgments 569-571

Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members 572-576

Index 577-618

Sodium and Chloride AI Summary, Ages 0 Through 12 Months

Infant Formula