National Academy of Sciences | 150 Year Anniversary

Questions? Call 800-624-6242

| Items in cart [0]

The National Academies Press

PAPERBACK
price:$59.95
add to cart

HARDBACK
price:$79.95
add to cart

Rights & Permissions

topleft topright

Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

Citation Manager

. "6 Sodium and Chloride." Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.

Please select a format:

BibTeX EndNote RefMan


Page
422
bottomleft bottomright

The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.


Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate

Weir MR, Dengel DR, Behrens T, Goldberg AP. 1995. Salt-induced increases in systolic blood pressure affect renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Hypertension 25:1339–1344.

Whelton PK, Buring J, Borhani NO, Cohen JD, Cook N, Cutler JA, Kiley JE, Kuller LH, Satterfield S, Sacks FM, Taylor JO. 1995. The effect of potassium supplementation in persons with a high-normal blood pressure: Results from phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). Ann Epidemiol 5:85–95.

Whelton PK, Perneger TV, He J, Klag MJ. 1996. The role of blood pressure as a risk factor for renal disease: A review of the epidemiological evidence. J Hum Hypertens 10:683–689.

Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, Cutler JA, Havas S, Kotchen TA, Roccella EJ, Stout R, Vallbona C, Winston MC, Karimbakas J. 2002. Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. J Am Med Assoc 288:1882–1888.

Willoughby A, Graubard BI, Hocker A, Storr C, Vietze P, Thackaberry JM, Gerry MA, McCarthy M, Gist NF, Magenheim M, Berendes H, Rhoads GG. 1990. Population-based study of the developmental outcome of children exposed to chloride-deficient infant formula. Pediatrics 85:485–490.

Wilson M, Morganti AA, Zervoudakis J, Letcher RL, Romney BM, Von Oeyon P, Papera S, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. 1980. Blood pressure, the renin-aldosterone system and sex steroids throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Med 68:97–104.

Witteman JC, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Sacks FM, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Hennekens CH. 1989. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among us women. Circulation 8:1320–1327.

Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Hense HW, Joffres M, Kastarinen M, Poulter N, Primatesta P, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Stegmayr B, Thamm M, Tuomilehto J, Vanuzzo D, Vescio F. 2003. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. J Am Med Assoc 289:2363–2369.


Yamori Y, Horie R. 1994. Community-based prevention of stroke: Nutritional improvement in Japan. Health Rep 6:181–188.

Yamori Y, Nara Y, Mizushima S, Mano M, Sawamura M, Kihara M, Horie R. 1990. International cooperative study on the relationship between dietary factors and blood pressure: A report from the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 16:43S–47S.

Yamori Y, Nara Y, Mizushima S, Sawamura M, Horie R. 1994. Nutritional factors for stroke and major cardiovascular diseases: International epidemiological comparison of dietary prevention. Health Rep 6:22–27.

Yamori Y, Liu L, Ikeda K, Mizushima S, Nara Y, Simpson FO. 2001. Different associations of blood pressure with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion among pre-and post-menopausal women. J Hypertens 19:535–538.

Yang J, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhou B, Wu Y, Zhang X. 1997. Protein, salt and stroke mortality. Can J Cardiol 13:44B.

You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, Ershow AG, Yang ZT, An Q, Henderson B, Xu GW, Fraumeni JF, Wang TG. 1988. Diet and high risk of stomach cancer in Shandong, China. Cancer Res 48:3518–3523.

Young DB, McCaa RE, Pan YJ, Guyton AC. 1976. The natriuretic and hypotensive effects of potassium. Circ Res 38:84S–89S.


Zarkadas M, Gougeon-Reyburn R, Marliss EB, Block E, Alton-Mackey M. 1989. Sodium chloride supplementation and urinary calcium excretion in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 50:1088–1094.

Page
422
Front Matter (R1-R20)
Summary (1-20)
1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-36)
2 Overview and Methods (37-49)
3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (50-72)
4 Water (73-185)
5 Potassium (186-268)
6 Sodium and Chloride (269-423)
7 Sulfate (424-448)
8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (449-464)
9 A Research Agenda (465-470)
Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (471-476)
Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (477-484)
Appendix C: Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements (485-493)
Appendix D: U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (494-517)
Appendix E: U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994–1996, 1998 (518-526)
Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990–1997 (527-533)
Appendix G: U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (534-536)
Appendix H: U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994 (537-545)
Appendix I: Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure (546-557)
Appendix J: Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 (558-563)
Appendix K: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (564-568)
Appendix L: Acknowledgments (569-571)
Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (572-576)
Index (577-618)