Items in cart [0] Questions? Call 888-624-8373

PAPERBACK + PDF your price: $70.50 add to cart PAPERBACK list:$59.95 Web:$53.96 add to cart HARDBACK list:$79.95 Web:$71.95 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $46.00 add to cart PDF CHAPTERS your price: $3.00 select Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations Other Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 485   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. C Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements To generate estimates of water and sodium losses at different energy expenditure levels and thus work rates, the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) model was adapted for the four levels of energy expenditure identified in the Dietary Reference Intakes report on energy expenditure (IOM, 2002/2005). The USARIEM Heat Strain model is an empirical model that includes an equation to predict sweating rate during work (Moran et al., 1995, Shapiro et al., 1995). This algorithm has been used in the past to prepare military guidance for water needs during training and deployment. The following is a description of the application of the model: Variables Water requirements (L/d) Sodium requirements (g/d) Prediction ranges Four energy expenditure levels (1,900; 2,400; 2,900; and 3,600 kcal/d) Temperature ranges (15°–40°C) ANALYSIS As shown in the example, the environmental, physiological, and individual information was inputted into the model. For any given individual, physiological, or environmental condition, the model predicted expected water losses. These data were then put into an Page 485 Front Matter (R1-R20) Summary (1-20) 1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-36) 2 Overview and Methods (37-49) 3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (50-72) 4 Water (73-185) 5 Potassium (186-268) 6 Sodium and Chloride (269-423) 7 Sulfate (424-448) 8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (449-464) 9 A Research Agenda (465-470) Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (471-476) Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (477-484) Appendix C: Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements (485-493) Appendix D: U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (494-517) Appendix E: U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994 1996, 1998 (518-526) Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990 1997 (527-533) Appendix G: U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (534-536) Appendix H: U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (537-545) Appendix I: Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure (546-557) Appendix J: Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 (558-563) Appendix K: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (564-568) Appendix L: Acknowledgments (569-571) Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (572-576) Index (577-618)

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 485
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate C Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements To generate estimates of water and sodium losses at different energy expenditure levels and thus work rates, the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) model was adapted for the four levels of energy expenditure identified in the Dietary Reference Intakes report on energy expenditure (IOM, 2002/2005). The USARIEM Heat Strain model is an empirical model that includes an equation to predict sweating rate during work (Moran et al., 1995, Shapiro et al., 1995). This algorithm has been used in the past to prepare military guidance for water needs during training and deployment. The following is a description of the application of the model: Variables Water requirements (L/d) Sodium requirements (g/d) Prediction ranges Four energy expenditure levels (1,900; 2,400; 2,900; and 3,600 kcal/d) Temperature ranges (15°–40°C) ANALYSIS As shown in the example, the environmental, physiological, and individual information was inputted into the model. For any given individual, physiological, or environmental condition, the model predicted expected water losses. These data were then put into an

OCR for page 486
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Excel 4.0 spreadsheet and used to generate the dataset of estimated water and sodium requirements at varying energy expenditure levels and temperatures. Environmental and individual assumptions are listed below. These data were then plotted using Sigma Plot 9.0 to generate a graphical display. ASSUMPTIONS Individual 70-kg person Height = 170 cm Walking velocity = 5 km/h 0% grade Clothing = 1.0 (cotton) Environmental Partly cloudy day Wind speed = 1 m/sec Relative humidity = 50% Outdoor Water vapor pressure = 19.094 mm Hg Load = 0 kg Dry bulb temperature = 30°C Black globe temperature = 45°C Physiological Skin body temperature = 35.0°C Rectal body temperature = 36.5°C Initial heart rate = 60 bpm Rest (N) Exposure I = 720 min (= 12 h) Exposure II = 720 min (= 12 h) Exposure III (min) = 0 Exposure IV (min) = 0 1.0 L/d minimal requirements for survival: Sodium concentration of sweat (≈ 35 mmol/L), that of a partially acclimated person

OCR for page 487
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Example (not used in this analysis): The version of the program used was MAT version 9/97. Figures C-1a and C-1b describe the approximate daily water (Figure C-1a) and sodium (Figure C-1b) lost due to sweating as a function of dry bulb temperature and level of physical activity derived from modeling data (Table C-1). *   The screen is an example of the input variable capabilities; however, actual data are not presented in the database.

OCR for page 488
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE C-1 Approximate daily water (Figure C-1a) and sodium (Figure C-1b) lost due to sweating as a function of dry bulb temperature and level of physical activity derived from modeling data (Table C-1). The hatched area indicates ≈ 1 L minimal water requirements. The y-axis represents the predicted water requirements that increase because of increased sweat losses to enable thermoregulation. The x-axis is the average daytime dry bulb temperature. The four lines represent the four levels of energy (in kcal/day) used in the model (1,900 kcal; 2,400 kcal; 2,900 kcal; and 3,600 kcal).

OCR for page 489
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate REFERENCES IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Moran D, Shapiro Y, Epstein Y, Burstein R, Stroschein L, Pandolf KB. 1995. Validation and adjustment of the mathematical prediction model for human rectal temperature responses to outdoor environmental conditions. Ergonomics 38:1011–1018. Shapiro Y, Moran D, Epstein Y, Stroschein L, Pandolf KB. 1995. Validation and adjustment of the mathematical prediction model for human sweat rate responses to outdoor environmental conditions. Ergonomics 38:981–986.

OCR for page 490
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate TABLE C-1 Generated Database from the USARIEM Prediction Model Given: kcal/h watts per 12 h (kcal) Rest 76 88 912 Light 234 273 2,808 Mod 382 444 4,582 Hard 531 618 6,372 Assumption: 1.0 liter water essential (daily resp water loss and kidney loss) Predicted Sweating Rates (mL/h) Air Tdb Rh Rest Light Mod Hard 10 50 32 100 355 628 15 50 65 204 456 722 20 50 108 339 618 911 25 50 151 473 763 1,069 30 50 201 629 938 1,263 35 50 265 829 1,168 1,524 40 50 361 1,129 1,524 1,934 12 h Air Scenario Rest Light Mod Hard Kcal Water Loss 10 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 425 15 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 867 20 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 1,440 25 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 2,009 30 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 2,672 35 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 3,522 40 0.95 0.05 0 0 1,006.8 4,796 WBGT Rest Light Mod Hard Kcal Water Loss 9.9 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 782 14.2 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 1,434 18.8 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 2,299 23.1 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 3,148 27.4 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 4,141 31.7 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 5,416 36.2 0.7 0.25 0.05 0 1,570 7,336

OCR for page 491
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Hard A:J13 khard A:E7 klight A:E5 kmod A:E6 krest A:E4 light A:H13 mod A:I13 Rest A:G13 sr A:E13.I20 WBGT A:F13 ttl kcal ttl water loss   1,918.8 1.4 35 23 1,147 1,918.8 2.4 35 23 1,905 1,918.8 2.9 35 23 2,367 1,918.8 3.5 35 23 2,825 1,918.8 4.2 35 23 3,358 1,918.8 5.0 35 23 4,042 1,918.8 6.3 35 23 5,068 ttl kcal ttl water loss   2,481.5 2.3 35 23 1,837 2,481.5 2.9 35 23 2,362 2,481.5 3.8 35 23 3,058 2,481.5 4.6 35 23 3,742 2,481.5 5.6 35 23 4,541 2,481.5 6.9 35 23 5,568 2,481.5 8.8 35 23 7,113

OCR for page 492
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate WBGT Rest Light Mod Hard Kcal Water Loss 9.9 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 1,445 14.2 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 2,130 18.8 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 3,115 23.1 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 4,047 27.4 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 5,148 31.7 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 6,578 36.2 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.05 2,020 8,754 WBGT Rest Light Mod Hard Kcal Water Loss 9.9 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 2,078 14.2 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 2,925 18.8 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 4,179 23.1 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 5,350 27.4 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 6,741 31.7 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 8,552 36.2 0.45 0.25 0.2 0.1 2,666 11,316

OCR for page 493
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate ttl kcal ttl water loss   2,931.9 2.9 35 23 2,371 2,931.9 3.6 35 23 2,922 2,931.9 4.6 35 23 3,715 2,931.9 5.5 35 23 4,465 2,931.9 6.6 35 23 5,352 2,931.9 8.1 35 23 6,503 2,931.9 10.3 35 23 8,254 ttl kcal ttl water loss   3,578 3.6 35 23 2,881 3,578 4.4 35 23 3,562 3,578 5.7 35 23 4,572 3,578 6.9 35 23 5,515 3,578 8.2 35 23 6,634 3,578 10.1 35 23 8,091 3,578 12.8 35 23 10,317

Representative terms from entire chapter:

bulb temperature