Items in cart [0] Questions? Call 888-624-8373

PAPERBACK + PDF your price: $70.50 add to cart PAPERBACK list:$59.95 Web:$53.96 add to cart HARDBACK list:$79.95 Web:$71.95 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $46.00 add to cart PDF CHAPTERS your price: $3.00 select Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations Other Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 546   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. I Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure FIGURE I-1 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 8 normotensive men and women. Each sodium level was provided for 5 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Roos et al. (1985). Page 546 Front Matter (R1-R20) Summary (1-20) 1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-36) 2 Overview and Methods (37-49) 3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (50-72) 4 Water (73-185) 5 Potassium (186-268) 6 Sodium and Chloride (269-423) 7 Sulfate (424-448) 8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (449-464) 9 A Research Agenda (465-470) Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (471-476) Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (477-484) Appendix C: Predictions of Daily Water and Sodium Requirements (485-493) Appendix D: U.S. Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (494-517) Appendix E: U.S. Dietary Intake Data for Water and Weaning Foods from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 1994 1996, 1998 (518-526) Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data for Adults from Ten Provinces, 1990 1997 (527-533) Appendix G: U.S. Water Intake and Serum Osmolality Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (534-536) Appendix H: U.S. Total Water Intake Data by Frequency of Leisure Time Activity from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 1994 (537-545) Appendix I: Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure (546-557) Appendix J: Serum Electrolyte Concentrations NHANES III, 1988-94 (558-563) Appendix K: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (564-568) Appendix L: Acknowledgments (569-571) Appendix M: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (572-576) Index (577-618)

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 546
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate I Dose-Response Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure FIGURE I-1 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 8 normotensive men and women. Each sodium level was provided for 5 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Roos et al. (1985).

OCR for page 547
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-2 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 6 normotensive subjects at risk of hypertension. Each sodium level was provided for 4 d. Systolic blood pressures were calculated from the formula mean blood pressure = 2/3 diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 systolic blood pressure. NS = not significantly different; *p < 0.001; **p < 0.05. Data from Sullivan et al. (1980). FIGURE I-3 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 14 normotensive men. Each sodium level was provided for 3–7 d. Significant difference between 10 and 800 mmol/d (p < 0.05). Data from Luft et al. (1979).

OCR for page 548
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-4 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 11 normotensive men and women with a family history of hypertension. Each sodium level was provided for 9 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Fuchs et al. (1987). FIGURE I-5 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 6 normotensive men and women without family history of hypertension. Each sodium level was provided for 9 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Fuchs et al. (1987).

OCR for page 549
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-6 Mean supine blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 8 normotensive men. Each sodium level was provided for 4 wk. NS = not significantly different. Data from Kirkendall et al. (1976). FIGURE I-7 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 10 normotensive men and women. Each sodium level was provided for 4 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Bruun et al. (1990).

OCR for page 550
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-8 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 17 normotensive elderly subjects. Each sodium level was provided for 2 wk. *P-ANOVA simultaneously comparing the four pair-wise blood pressure differences between the lowest sodium level (baseline) and each of the four higher sodium levels. Data from Johnson et al. (2001). FIGURE I-9 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 12 hypertensive men and women. Each sodium level was provided for 4 d. NS = not significantly different. Data from Bruun et al. (1990).

OCR for page 551
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-10 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 61 hypertensive men. Each sodium level was provided for 2 wk. NS = not significantly different; *p < 0.05. Data from Ferri et al. (1996). FIGURE I-11 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to dietary sodium intake in g/d (mmol/d) among 20 hypertensive men and women. Each sodium level was provided for 4 wk. *p < 0.01. Data from MacGregor et al. (1989).

OCR for page 552
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-12 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to sodium intake in g/d (mmol/ d) among 8 systolic diastolic hypertensive elderly subjects. Each sodium level was provided for 2 wk. *P-ANOVA simultaneously comparing the four pair-wise blood pressure differences between the lowest sodium level (baseline) and each of the four higher sodium levels. Data from Johnson et al. (2001). FIGURE I-13 Blood pressure (mm Hg) according to sodium dose in g/d (mmol/ d) among 15 isolated systolic hypertensive elderly subjects. Each sodium dose was provided for 2 wk. *P-ANOVA simultaneously comparing the four pair-wise blood pressure differences between the lowest sodium level (baseline) and each of the four higher sodium levels. Data from Johnson et al. (2001).

OCR for page 553
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate FIGURE I-14 Analyses from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium Trial: Effect of sodium level on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 412 normotensives and hypertensive participants. Sodium levels defined as higher = 3.5 g/d/2,000 kcal (150 mmol/d), intermediate = 2.3 g/d/2,000 kcal (100 mmol/d), and lower = 1.2 g/d/2,000 kcal (50 mmol/d). Adapted with permission from Sacks et al. (2001). Copyright 2001 by the Massachusetts Medical Society.

OCR for page 554
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate TABLE I-1a Mean Blood Pressure by Diet and by Sodium Level, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium Trial Diet Systolic Diastolic Higher Intermediate Lower Higher Intermediate Lower Control diet (n = 204) 132.8 130.7 126.1 83.4 82.3 79.9 DASH diet (n = 208) 126.9 125.6 123.9 80.5 79.9 78.9 SOURCE: Sacks et al. (2001). TABLE I-1b Effect of Decreased Sodium on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, Control Diet (n = 204) in DASH-Sodium Trial   Systolic Diastolic Mean Change Standard Error P-value Mean Change Standard Error P-value Higher to lower −6.7 0.58 < 0.0001 −3.5 0.38 < 0.0001 Higher to intermediate −2.1 0.58 0.0003 −1.1 0.38 0.0044 Intermediate to lower −4.6 0.60 < 0.0001 −2.4 0.39 < 0.0001 SOURCE: Sacks et al. (2001).

OCR for page 555
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate TABLE I-1c Effect of Decreased Sodium on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure, DASH Diet (n = 208), in DASH-Sodium Trial   Systolic Diastolic Mean Change Standard Error P-value Mean Change Standard Error P-value Higher to lower −3.0 0.58 < 0.0001 −1.6 0.37 < 0.0001 Higher to intermediate −1.3 0.58 0.03 −0.6 0.37 0.09 Intermediate to lower −1.7 0.59 0.003 −1.0 0.38 0.01 SOURCE: Sacks et al. (2001).

OCR for page 556
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate TABLE I-2 Design Features of Dose-Response Trials that Tested the Effects of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure Study Figure (Appendix I) Reference N Nonhypertensive 1 1 Roos et al. (1985) 8 2 2 Sullivan et al. (1980) 6 3 3 Luft et al. (1979) 14 4 4 Fuchs et al. (1987), at risk of hypertension 17   5 Fuchs et al. (1987), not at risk of hypertension 17 5 6 Kirkendall et al. (1976) 8 6 7 Bruun et al. (1990) 10 7 8 Johnson et al. (2001) 17 Hypertensive   9 Bruun et al. (1990) 12 8 10 Ferri et al. (1996) 61 9 11 MacGregor et al. (1989) 20   12 Johnson et al. (2001), systolic-diastolic hypertension 8   13 Johnson et al. (2001), isolated systolic hypertension 15 Both nonhypertensive and hypertensive 10 14 Sacks et al. (2001) DASHc diet Control diet 204 208 a Urinary sodium. b Urinary potassium. c DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. REFERENCES Bruun NE, Skott P, Nielsen MD, Rasmussen S, Schutten HJ, Leth A, Pedersen EB, Giese J. 1990. Normal renal tubular response to changes of sodium intake in hypertensive man. J Hypertens 8:219–227. Ferri C, Bellini C, Carlomagno A, Desideri G, Santucci A. 1996. Active kallikrein response to changes in sodium-chloride intake in essential hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:443–453. Fuchs FD, Wannmacher CM, Wannmacher L, Guimaraes FS, Rosito GA, Gastaldo G, Hoeffel CP, Wagner EM. 1987. Effect of sodium intake on blood pressure, serum levels and renal excretion of sodium and potassium in normotensives with and without familial predisposition to hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res 20:25–34. Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Davis D. 2001. Blood pressure is linked to salt intake and modulated by the angiotensinogen gene in normotensive and hypertensive elderly subjects. J Hypertens 19:1053–1060. Kirkendall WM, Conner EW, Abboud F, Rastogi SP, Anderson TA, Fry M. 1976. The effect of dietary sodium chloride on blood pressure, body fluids, electro-

OCR for page 557
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Duration (days) Feeding Study Design Range of Sodium g/d (mmol/d) Potassium Level g/d (mmol/d) Lowest Highest 5 Yes Dose-escalation 0.46 (20) 25.9 (1,128) 3.1 (80) 4 Yes Crossover 0.23 (10) 9.2 (400) 2.3 (60) 3–7 Yes Dose-escalation 0.23 (10) 34.5 (1,500) 3.1 (80) 9 No Crossover 3.7 (16)a 5.5 (239)a ≈ 1.9 (50)b 9 No Crossover 0.18 (8)a 5.6 (245)a ≈ 1.9 (50)b 28 Yes Crossover 0.23 (10) 9.4 (410) 3.9 (100) 4 Yes Crossover 1.2 (50) 8.7 (380) 3.1 (80) 14 Yes Crossover 0.92 (40) 7.8 (340) ≈ 1.2 (30)b 4 Yes Crossover 1.2 (50) 8.7 (380) 3.1 (80) 14 Yes Crossover 0.46 (20) 7.4 (320) 2.7 (70) 28 No Crossover 1.2 (50) 4.6 (200) 2.7 (70) 14 Yes Crossover 0.92 (40) 7.8 (340) ≈ 1.2 (30)b 14 Yes Crossover 0.92 (40) 7.8 (340) ≈ 1.2 (30)b 28 Yes Crossover 1.5 (67)a 3.3 (144) 3.1 (79)b 28 Yes Crossover 1.5 (64)a 3.2 (141)a 1.6 (41)b lytes, renal function, and serum lipids of normotensive man. J Lab Clin Med 87:418–434. Luft FC, Rankin LI, Bloch R, Weyman AE, Willis LR, Murray RH, Grim CE, Weinberger MH. 1979. Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men. Circulation 60:697–706. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Singer DRJ, Cappuccio FP. 1989. Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet 2:1244–1247. Roos JC, Koomans HA, Dorhout-Mees EJ, Delawi IMK 1985. Renal sodium handling in normal humans subjected to low, normal, and extremely high sodium supplies. Am J Physiol 249:F941–F947. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. 2001. Effects of blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 344:3–10. Sullivan JM, Ratts TE, Taylor JC, Kraus DH, Barton BR, Patrick DR, Reed SW. 1980. Hemodynamic effects of dietary sodium in man. Hypertension 2:506–514.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

sodium intake