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Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
TABLE 4-6 Summary of Daily Water Turnover Studies on Adults
Reference
Subjects
Conditions
Water Turnover (L/d)
Schloerb et al., 1950
17 men
11 women
Not reported
3.4 men
2.3 women
Fusch et al., 1996
11 men, 2 women
Before and after high-altitude trek of 4,900 to 7,600 m
3.3 before (combined)
5.5 after (combined)
Leiper et al., 1996
6 men (sedentary)
6 men (active)
Temperate
3.3 (sedentary < 60 min exercise/d)
4.7 (active)
Lane et al., 1997
13 male astronauts
Ground-based period
3.8
Blanc et al., 1998
8 men
Sedentary
Head-down bed-rest
3.5
3.2
Fusch et al., 1998
11 men
4 women
Temperate
5.7 (combined)
Leiper et al., 2001
6 men (sedentary)
6 men (active)
Temperate
2.3 (sedentary)
3.5 (active)
Ruby et al., 2002
8 men
9 women
Arduous wildfire suppression activity
7.3 men
6.7 women
Raman et al., 2004
66 men (40–49 yr)
58 men (50–59 yr)
56 men (60–69 yr)
49 women (40–49 yr)
48 women (50–59 yr)
Temperate
36 women (60–69 yr)
3.8 (free living)
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.9
repeated measurements with dilution methods make them impractical for routine assessment of TBW changes. Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) has recently gained attention because it is simple to use and allows rapid, inexpensive, and noninvasive estimates of TBW. Absolute values derived from this technique correlate well with TBW values obtained by isotope dilution (Kushner and Schoeller, 1986; Kushner et al., 1992; Van Loan et al., 1995). These valida-
