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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk: Assessment of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10946.
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References Anderson, L.R., J.R. Keaton, T. Saarinen, and W.G. Wells II, 1984. The Utah Landslides, Debris Flows, and Floods of Maylune 1983. National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 96 pp. AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society), 2000. Landslide Risk Management Concepts and Guidelines. Australian Geomechanics, 35~1~: 49-92; reprinted in Australian Geomechanics, 37(2), May 2002. Bardet, J.P., C.E. Synolakis, H.L. Davies, F. Imamura, and E.A. Okal, 2003. Landslide Tsunamis: Recent Findings and Research Directions. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160(10-11): 1793-1809. Berke, P.R., and T. Beatley, 1992. Planning for Earthquakes: Risk, Politics, and Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bernknopf, R.L., R.H. Campbell, D.S. Brookshire, and C.D. Shapiro, 1988. A Probabilistic Approach to Landslide Hazard Mapping in Cincinnati, Ohio, with Applications for Economic Evaluation. Bulletin Association of Engineering Geologists, 25(1): 39-56. Bernton, H., 2000. Mount St. Helens' debris still sullies Toutle River. Oregonian, January 16, p. D1. Brabb, E.E., 1984. Innovative Approaches to Landslide Hazard and Risk Mapping. Pp. 307- 324 in Proceedings, 4th International Symposium on Landslides, Toronto, Canada, Canadian Geotechnical Society, 1. Brabb, E.E., 1987. Analyzing and portraying geologic and cartographic information for landuse planning, emergency response and decision making in San Mateo County, California. Pp. 362-374 in Proceedings, GIS'87. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, VA. Brabb, E.E., E.H. Pampeyan, and M.G. Bonilla, 1972. Landslide Susceptibility in San Mateo County, California. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, MF360, scale 1:62,500. Brabb, E.E., F. Guzzetti, R. Mark, and R.W. Simpson, 1989. The Extent of Landsliding in Northern New Mexico and Similar Semi-Arid Regions. Pp. 163-173 in D.M. Sadler and P.M. Morton (Eds.), Landslides in a Semi-arid Environment. Publications of the Inland Geological Society, 2. 107

108 PARTNERSHIPS FOR REDUCING LANDSLIDE RISK Burby, R.J., and P.J. May, 1998. Intergovernmental Environmental Planning: Addressing the Commitment Conundrum, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41~1~: 95-110. Carrara, A., 1983. Multivariate Models for Landslide Hazard Evaluation. Mathematical Geology, 15~3~: 403427. Carrara, A., 1988. Landslide Hazard Mapping by Statistical Methods. A "Black Box" Approach. In: Workshop on Natural Disasters in European Mediterranean Countries, 205-224. Carrara, A., M. Cardinali, R. Detti, F. Guzzetti, V. Pasqui, and P. Reichenbach, 1991. GIS Techniques and Statistical Models in Evaluating Landslide Hazard. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 16~5~: 427445. Carrara, A., M. Cardinali, and F. Guzzetti, 1992. Uncertainty in Assessing Landslide Hazard and Risk. ITC-Journal 1992-2: 172-183. CGS (Colorado Geological Survey), 1998. Colorado's Geologic Hazards How to Live with Them: Unstable Slopes. Rock Talk, 1~2~: 4-6. CGS (Colorado Geological Survey), 2000. Who Cares About the Colorado Geological Survey? Rock Talk, 3~1~: 1-2. CGS (Colorado Geological Survey), 2003. The DeBeque Canyon Landslide. Online; available at http:/geosurvey.state.co.us/pubs/debeque/debeque.htm; accessed October 2003. Chan, R.K.S., 2000. Hong Kong slope safety management system. Pp. 1-16 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Slope Hazards and Their Prevention. Jockey Club Research and Informa- tion Centre for Landslip Prevention and Land Development, University of Hong Kong. Coe, J.A., J.W. Godt, W.L. Ellis, W.Z. Savage, J.E. Savage, P.S. Powers, D.J. Varnes, and P. Tachker, 2000a. Seasonal Movement of the Slumgullion Landslide as Determined from GPS Observations, July 1998-July 1999. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-101. Coe, J.A., J.A. Michael, R.A. Crovelli, and W.Z. Savage, 2000b. Preliminary Map Showing Land- slide Densities, Mean Recurrence Intervals, and Exceedance Probabilities as Determined from Historic Records, Seattle, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-303. Coe, J.A., W.L. Ellis, J.W. Godt, W.Z. Savage, J.E. Savage, J.A. Michael Jr., J.D. Kibler, P.S. Powers, D.J. Lidke, and S. Debray, 2003. Seasonal Movement of the Slumgullion Land- slide Determined from Global Positioning System Surveys and Field Instrumentation, July 1998-March 2002. Engineering Geology, 68: 67-101. Colton, R.B., J.A. Holligan, L.W. Anderson, and P.E. Patterson, 1976. Preliminary Map of Land- slide Deposits in Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-964. Cruden, D.M., and D.J. Varnes, 1996. Chapter 3: Landslide types and processes. Pp. 36-75 in A.K. Turner and R.L. Schuster (Eds.), Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation. Special Report 247, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Davis, J.F., T. Berg, R. Schuster, L. Highland, P. Bobrowsky, and P. Gori, 2003. Consensus Strategies to Acquire Accurate Landslide Damage Cost Data and Apply Insights to Mitigation. Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Abstract 2003. DOGAMI (Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries), 1998. Using Earthquake Hazard Maps. A Guide for Local Governments in the Portland Metropolitan Region. Open- File Report 0-98-04, Portland, Oregon. Earthquake Commission, 2003. A New Zealand government agency providing natural disaster insurance to residential property owners. Online; available at http://www.eqc.govt.nz/; accessed June, 2003. EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute), 2003. Securing society against catastrophic earthquake losses, a research and outreach plan in earthquake engineering. Oakland, Calif. EERI, April 2002. Online; available at http://www.eeri.org/; accessed June 2003.

REFERENCES 109 Einstein, H.H, 1988. Special lecture: landslide risk assessment procedure. Pp. 1075-1090 in C. Bonnard (Ed.), Proceeding, 5th International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, Vol. 2. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Einstein, H.H., 1997. Landslide risk systematic approaches to assessment and management. Pp. 25-50 in D.M. Cruden and R.F. Fell (Eds.), Landslide Assessment. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Ellen, S.D., R.K. Mark, S.H. Cannon, and D.K. Knifong, 1993. Map of Debris Flow Hazard in the Honolulu District of Oahu, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-213. Ellen, S.D., R.K. Mark, G.F. Wieczorek, C.M. Wentworth, D.W. Ramsey, and T.E. May, 1997. Map Showing Principal Debris-Flow Source Areas in the San Francisco Bay Region, California. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-745E, map scales 1:275,000 and 1:125,000. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2003. FEMA Project Impact. Online; available at http://www.appl.fema.gov/impact/; accessed June 2003. Fleming, R.A., and F.A. Taylor, 1980. Estimating the Costs of Landslide Damages in the United States, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 832, 21 pp. Geonet, 2003. About landslides. Online; available at http: / /www.geonet.org.nz/ aboutlandslides/html; accessed June 2003. Godschalk D.R., T. Beatley, P. Berke, D.J. grower, and E.J. Kaiser, 1999. Natural Hazard Mitigation, Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Godt, J.W., and W.Z. Savage, 1999. E1 Nino 1997-98: direct costs of damaging landslides in the San Francisco Bay Region. Pp. 47-55 in S. Griffiths and M.R. Stokes (Eds.), Landslides. Proceedings 9th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, Bristol, U.K. Gori, P.L., S.P. Jeer, and L.M. Highland, 2003. Enlisting the support of land-use planners to reduce debris-flow hazards in the United States. Pp. 1119-1127 in D. Rickenmann and C.-L. Chen (Eds.), Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation, Davos, Switzerland, September 10-12, 2003. Rotterdam: Millpress. Hansen, A., 1984. Landslide hazard analysis. Pp. 523-602 in D. Brunsden and D.B. Prior (Eds.), Slope Instability, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hansen, P.J., 1989. Grand Coulee Dam. Engineering Geology in Washington, Vol. 1. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin, 78: 419-430. Harp, E.L., and R.W. Jibson, 1995. Inventory of Landslides Triggered by the 1994 Northridge, California Earthquake. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-213. Harp, E.L., R.W. Jibson, W.Z. Savage, L.M. Highland, R.A. Larson, and S.S. Tan, 1999. Land- slides triggered by January and March 1995 storms in southern California. Pp. 268-273 in K. Sassa (Ed.) Landslides of the World. Kyoto University Press. Ho, K.K.S., E. Leroi, and W.J. Roberds, 2000. Quantitative risk assessment applications, myths and future direction. Pp. 269-312 in Proceedings International Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (GeoEng 2000), Melbourne. Iverson, R.M., 1997. The Physics of Debris Flows. Reviews of Geophysics, 35: 245-296. Jackson, M.E., P.W. Bodin, W.Z. Savage, and E.M. Nel, 1996. Measurement of local horizon- tal velocities on the Slumgullion landslide using the global positioning system. Chap- ter 15 in D.J. Varnes and W.Z. Savage (Eds.), The Slumgullion Earth Flow: A Large-Scale Natural Laboratory. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2130. Jibson, R.W., 1992. The Mameyes, Puerto Rico, landslide disaster of October 7,1985. In: J.A. Johnson and J.E. Slosson (Eds.), Landslides/Landslide Mitigation. Reviews in Engineer- ing Geology, 9~5~: 37-54. Jibson, R.W., E.L. Harp, E. Schneider, R.A. Hajjeh, and R.A. Spiegel, 1998. An outbreak of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) caused by landslides triggered by the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. In: C.W. Welby and M.E. Gowan (Eds.), A Paradox of Power: Voices of Warning and Reason in the Geosciences. Reviews in Engineering Geology, 12: 53-61.

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Landslides occur in all geographic regions of the nation in response to a wide range of conditions and triggering processes that include storms, earthquakes, and human activities. Landslides in the United States result in an estimated average of 25 to 50 deaths annually and cost $1 to 3 billion per year. In addition to direct losses, landslides also cause significant environmental damage and societal disruption.

Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk reviews the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS)National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy, which was created in response to a congressional directive for a national approach to reducing losses from landslides. Components of the strategy include basic research activities, improved public policy measures, and enhanced mitigation of landslides.

This report commends the USGS for creating a national approach based on partnerships with federal, state, local, and non-governmental entities, and finds that the plan components are the essential elements of a national strategy. Partnerships for Reducing Landslide Risk recommends that the plan should promote the use of risk analysis techniques, and should play a vital role in evaluating methods, setting standards, and advancing procedures and guidelines for landslide hazard maps and assessments. This report suggests that substantially increased funding will be required to implement a national landslide mitigation program, and that as part of a 10-year program the funding mix should transition from research and guideline development to partnership-based implementation of loss reduction measures.

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