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OCR for page 98
8
Funding Priorides for a National Program
Realizing the Vision
This report provides a vision for a national strategy for mitigation of
landslide hazards, expanding on the strategy outline presented in
the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) proposal (Spiker and Gori,
2000~. Experience with landslides and advances in landslide research in
the past decades have led to a better understanding of the physical
processes of landslides, their potential consequences, and the means for
reducing losses. Despite these advances, many gaps remain and attention
to landslide risks in much of the country is haphazard at best. The vision
of this report is one of a comprehensive national program that establishes
a strong leadership role for the federal government but is based on part-
nerships with states, localities, and the research community, and empha-
sizes the translation of knowledge into practical applications.
8.1 FEDERAL FUNDING LEVELS
A comprehensive national program for addressing landslide risks
requires a considerably increased level of federal funding for landslide
partnership programs compared with current funding levels, and the
committee believes that this ultimately will require more than the $20 mil-
lion envisioned as the target budget for the USGS Landslide Hazards
Program in the national strategy proposal (Spiker and Gori, 2000~. The
committee recognizes the reality that national budgetary considerations
will determine the total annual funding provided to implement the strat-
egy and emphasizes that it is the distribution of total available funding
98
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FUNDING PRIORITIES FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM
99
among the different components that is of paramount importance for an
appropriately balanced national program.
This recommendation for substantially increased funding can be use-
fully compared with the current and recommended funding for National
Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP). For this comparison,
useful benchmarks are provided by a recent earthquake loss reduction
research and action plan prepared by the Earthquake Engineering Research
Institute (EERI) (EERI, 2003~. Federal funding for the NEHRP program as
of FY 2001 was approximately $100 million, distributed across the four
partner agencies: USGS (48%), National Science Foundation (NSF) (30%),
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (20%), and National
Institute of Standards and Technology (2%~. The EERI research and action
plan recommended annualized federal funding of $358 million for the
first 5 years of a 20-year period (EERI, 2003~. Annualized losses from
earthquakes in the United States have been estimated as ranging from
$4.1 billion (direct damage only) to $10 billion (including indirect losses),
compared with estimated average annual losses from landslides of approxi-
mately $1 billion to $3 billion (NRC, 1985; Schuster and Highland, 2001~.
The landslide program funding level proposed here is equal to 20% of
current earthquake funding and 5% of the EERI proposed funding level
for a 20-year program of earthquake research and applications.
8.2 FUNDING PRIORITIES
The committee recognizes that the program proposed here requires a
substantial funding increase that, for maximum efficacy, should be phased
in over several years. In addition, it is important to recognize that the
funding requirements of the program will change over its life. The national
strategy proposal (Spiker and Gori, 2000) identified goals and implemen-
tation actions for a 10-year time scale, and accordingly, the following
description of funding levels uses the perspective of a 10-year program.
The proposed funding levels for such a program are based on three
periods: (1) an initial funding phase of $20 million per year for three years;
(2) an established program phase for three years of $35 million per year;
and (3) a mature program period of $50 million per year for four years. As
the program progresses from the initial, through established, to mature
phases, the funding priorities also change from an initial emphasis on
research, development of guidelines, and startup, to the later widespread
implementation of landslide risk reduction measures through various
partnership programs.
Table 8.1 provides a summary that compares the USGS proposed
funding levels (Spiker and Gori, 2000) with the funding levels proposed
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100
PARTNERSHIPS FOR REDUCING LANDSLIDE RISK
TABLE 8.1 Proposed Funding Levels for a National Landslide Hazards
Mitigation Program (million dollars)
Proposed Annual Funding
Program Element
USGS Proposed
Annual Funding
Initial
(Years 1-3)
Established Mature
(Years 4-6) (Years 7-10)
Process mechanics 1.5
Monitoring techniques 2
Loss and risk assessment O
methods
Mapping techniques 2
Hazard identification and 12
state mapping
Mitigation measures and O
programs
Learning from Landslides O
Enhancing professional O
capabilities
Program management and 2.5
staffing
Total
n
12
o
o
n
20
2 2
3 2
2 3 1
3
3 1
4 10 15
2 7 20
1 3 4
2
2
2 3 5
20 35 50
here for each of the three phases of a 10-year program. These figures are
based on the committee's expert opinion regarding necessary funding
levels for each of the program elements.
Initial Funding Phase (Years 1-3) $20 million Annually. The emphasis
during the initial funding phase would be on initiating a federal program,
establishing the essential partnerships for carrying out the program, and
developing the research and application foundation for the program.
Established Funding Phase (Years 4-64- $35 million Annually. The empha-
sis once the federal program is established would be on moving the
research and guidelines toward practical application through increased
emphasis on cooperative mapping programs, demonstration programs
concerning mitigation measures, and enhancement of professional capa-
bilities.
Mature Funding Phase (Years 7-104- $50 million Annually. The empha-
sis for the mature level of funding would be on sustaining the established
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FUNDING PRIORITIES FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM
10
initiatives with increased emphasis on translation of knowledge into prac-
tical applications involving risk management and mitigation programs
that would be undertaken cooperatively with states and localities. Federal
funds would be used for dissemination of guidelines and best practices,
outreach efforts to encourage mitigation and loss reduction efforts at state
and local levels, and cooperative mapping and demonstration programs.
Federal funds are not anticipated as being used, other than as part of
demonstration programs, to mitigate specific landslide risks.
8.3 FUNDING ALLOCATIONS
A different way of thinking about the recommended funding targets
is to consider how the recommended federal funding might relate to the
federal, state, local, and other partnerships that the committee envisions.
Table 8.2 illustrates how the committee's proposed program targets could
be allocated among different program partners across the three phases of
a 10-year program.
The basic and applied research elements of the proposed strategy
(process mechanics, monitoring, loss and risk assessment methods, and
mapping techniques) are expected to be undertaken by a combination of
intramural and extramural federally funded research. An important addi-
tional component of this research is the possibility of funding a landslide
risk science and technology research center. Loss data information and
TABLE 8.2 Allocation of Federal Funds Among Partners (million
dollars)
Proposed Annual Funding
Partnership Element
Initial
(Years 1-3)
Established Mature
(Years 4-6) (Years 7-10)
Intramural and extramural federal research
Landslide research center
Loss data - Learning from Landslides
State mapping partnerships
Local and non-government mitigation 2
partnerships
Other educational outreach
Federal program management
Total
7
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
4 10 15
7 20
1 3 4
2 3 5
20 35 50
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PARTNERSHIPS FOR REDUCING LANDSLIDE RISK
consequences are anticipated as being collected as part of a Learning from
Landslides program. Hazard and susceptibility mapping would be under-
taken through the proposed cooperative federal-state mapping program.
Hazard mitigation activities are envisioned as central to the proposed local
and nongovernmental mitigation partnership. Educational outreach is
envisioned as being undertaken through a variety of specialized grant
programs.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
proposed funding
