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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
C
PI-Led Missions and Their Characteristics
This appendix provides a tabular “database” of PI-led missions and programs addressed in the report. Although they do not provide a complete list of all PI-led missions, Tables C.1 through C5 include a sufficient set of examples to illustrate the issues discussed in the report. Included are a range of missions in various disciplines, not only Earth science, and a range of scope from instrument-focused PI projects to multisensor payload missions where the PI was responsible for the entire mission from conception to spacecraft and sensor integration and launch, operations, and data analysis through orbit decommissioning. Mission examples are provided in all stages of a mission life cycle, including the study phase (formulation), the design, development, operations, and data analysis phases (implementation), and some that are completed. The tables also include missions that were canceled or descoped, usually due to cost and schedule difficulties associated with technology development, and several that failed on orbit.
Tables C.1 to C.5 list and describe the missions grouped by program: Discovery (Table C.1), MIDEX (Table C.2), SMEX (Table C.3), Earth System Science Pathfinder (Table C.4), and others (Table C.5). Each row of each table contains a brief summary of mission characteristics as follows:
Column Heading—Content
Mission—Name
Objectives—Mission science goals
Launch, S/C—Launch date and vehicle, spacecraft
Instruments—Instruments included in the mission manifest
Principal Team Institutions—Industrial or government agencies or laboratories, and universities participating in the mission
Management—Principal investigator and institution
Selection—Program solicitation under which the mission was selected
Status—Whether the mission has been successfully completed, was launched and is in successful operation, is in development, was canceled, or has failed on orbit.
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
TABLE C.1 Discovery Missions and Characteristics
Mission
Objectives
Launch, S/C
Instruments
Kepler
Detecting extrasolar terrestrial planets
Oct 2007 Launch – D2925-10 Delta II
Single instrument:Photometer
Dawn
Asteroid flyby
May 2006 Launch –Delta 7529H Orbital Spacecraft with xenon ion propulsion
Framing Camera, Mapping Spectrometer, Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer, Laser Altimeter, Magnetometer
Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER)
Mercury orbiter
2004 Launch – Delta II 7925H
Mercury Dual Imaging System, Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer, Magnetometer, Mercury Laser Altimeter, Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer, Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer, X-Ray Spectrometer, Radio Science
Deep Impact
Comet impactor/flyby
Dec 2004 Launch – Delta II
High-Resolution Instrument, Medium-Resolution Instrument, Impactor Targeting Sensor
Genesis
Solar wind sample return to obtain precise measures of solar isotopic abundances
Aug 2001 Launch
Sample Collection Arrays
Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR)
Multiple comet flyby (2)
Jul 2002 Launch – Boeing Delta
Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, Remote Imaging Spectrograph, Dust Analyzer, Forward Imager
Stardust
Comet flyby sample return
Feb 1999 Launch – Delta II, 7425
Dust Flux Monitor, Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer
Lunar Prospector
Moon orbiter/impactor
Jan 1998 Launch – Athena II (Lockheed Martin)
Gamma Ray Spectrometer, Neutron Spectrometer, Alpha Particle Spectrometer, Magnetometer, Electron Reflectrometer
Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR)
Asteroid orbiter
1996 Launch – Delta 2
Multi-Spectral Imager, NEAR Infrared Spectrometer, NEAR Laser Rangefinder, X-ray/Gamma Ray Spectrometer, Magnetometer
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
Principal Team Institutions
Management
Selection
Status
Ball Aerospace
PI – Bill Borucki (NASA Ames)
Discovery-4 (2002)
Formulation phase
JPL, Orbital
PI – Chris Russell (UCLA)
Discovery-4 (2002)
Formulation phase
JHU Applied Physics Laboratory, GenCorp Aerojet, Composite Optics, NASA GSFC, U.Colo., U.Mich.
PI – Sean Solomon (Carnegie Institution of Washington)
Discovery--3
Formulation phase
U. Md., JPL, Ball Aerospace
PI – Mike A’Hearn (U. Md.)
Discovery-3
Critical design review, Jan 2002; now in 34-month implementation phase
JPL, NASA JSC, Lockheed Martin, LANL
PI – Don Burnett (Caltech)
Discovery-2
Operating
Rockwell Science, Cincinnati Elec.APL:incorporation of spacecraft maindeck and frame
PI – Joe Veverka (Cornell U.)
Discovery--2
Lost contact with spacecraft following orbital maneuver on August 15, 2002
JPL, Lockheed Martin, Max-Planck-Institut, NASA Ames, NASA JSC, U.Chicago
PI – Donald Brownlee (U.Wash.);
Deputy PI – P..Tsou (JPL)
Discovery-1
Operating
NASA Ames, Lockheed Martin, Lunar Research Institute
PI – Alan Binder (Lunar Research Institute)
Discovery--1
Mission completed
JHU/APL, JPL, Cornell U., MIT, U.Md., U.Ariz., SW Research Inst., Malin Space Science Systems, Inc.
Program Executive –Anthony Carro (NASA HQ)
Discovery-0 (noncompetitive)
Mission completed Feb 2001
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
TABLE C.2 MIDEX Missions and Characteristics
Mission
Objectives
Launch, S/C
Instruments
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer
Observe gamma-ray bursts
2003 Launch– Delta 7320
Burst Alert Telescope, X-Ray Telescope, Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope
Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer (FAME)
Astrometry
2004 Launch –Delta 7425
Astrometric Telescope
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
Map the temperature fluctuations of the CMB radiation
2001 Launch – Delta II-7425-10
High Electron Mobility Transistor
Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE)
Image Earth ’s magnetosphere
Mar 2000 Launch – Boeing Delta II 7326-9.5
Neutral Atom Imagers, Far-Ultraviolet Imaging System, Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, Radio Plasma Imager, Central Instrument Data Processor
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)
Make far-ultraviolet observations of hydrogen and deuterium
Jun 1999 Launch – Delta 7320-10
Far-Ultraviolet Spectrograph
TABLE C.3 SMEX Missions and Characteristics
Mission
Objectives
Launch, S/C
Instruments
Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI)
Explore basic physics of particle acceleration and explosive energy release in solar flares
Feb 2002 Launch –Orbital Sciences Corp. Pegasus XL, L1011 aircraft Feb 2002 Launch
Imaging Telescope Assembly, Grid Tray and Grids, Spectrometer, Attenuators
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX)
Study star formation history of the universe
Mar 2003 Launch –Pegasus XL
Single Instrument with 2 UV Microchannel Plate Detectors
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE)
Obtain infrared astronomy
Mar 1998 Launch –Pegasus XL
Cryogenically Cooled 30-cm Ritchey-Chretien Telescope
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE)
Obtain high-resolution solar imagers
Apr 1998 Launch –Pegasus XL
TRACE Imaging Telescope
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)
Detect chemical composition of interstellar gas clouds
Dec 1998 Launch –Pegasus XL
Submillimeter Telescope
Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST)
Investigate plasma physics of auroral phenomena
Aug 1996 Launch – Pegasus XL
16 Electrostatic Analyzers, 4 Langmuir Probes on 30-m Booms, 2 Langmuir Probes on 3-m Booms, Searchcoil and Fluxgate Magnetometers, Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer
Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX)
Measure elemental and isotopic composition of solar energy particles and cosmic rays
Jul 1992 Launch –Scout
High-Energy Particle Detectors
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
Principal Team Institutions
Management
Selection
Status
NASA GSFC, Penn.State U., Leicester U., Brera Observatory, Mullard Space Science Lab., Spectrum Astro, Inc.
PI – Neal Gehrels (NASA GSFC)
MIDEX 98
Implementation phase
U.S.Naval Observatory, Lockheed Martin, Naval Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
PI – Ken Johnston (U.S.Naval Observatory)
MIDEX 98
Rescoped in Phase B;; canceled in 2002
NRAO, Lockheed Martin, Litton, UCLA
PI – Charles Bennett (NASA GSFC)
MIDEX 95
Operating
JHU, NASA GSFC, Canadian Space Agency, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiale, U.Colo., UC Berkeley
PI – Warren Moos (JHU)
Pre--MIDEX
Operating
Principal Team Institutions
Management
Selection
Status
UC Berkeley, Paul Scherrer Institute, NASA GSFC, Spectrum Astro, Inc.
PI – Robert Lin (UC Berkeley)
SMEX 97
Operating
Caltech, JPL, Orbital Sciences
PI – Chris Martin (Caltech)
SMEX 97
Implementation phase
Caltech Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Vanguard Research, Inc., JPL, NASA GSFC, Cornell U., Ball Aerospace
PI – Perry Hacking (JPL)
SMEX 94
Failed during on--orbit commission
NASA GSFC, Lockheed Martin
PI – Alan Title (Lockheed Martin)
SMEX 94
Operating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, NASA GSFC, Ball Aerospace
PI – Gary Melnick (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
SMEX 89
Operating
Lockheed Martin., UC Berkeley, U.N.H., LANL, NASA GSFC
PI – Charles Carlson (UC Berkeley)
SMEX 89
Operating
U.Md., Caltech, NASA GSFC, Aerospace Corp., NASA LaRC, Max-Planck-Inst. for Extraterrestrial Research
PI – Glenn Mason (U.Md.)
SMEX 89
Operating
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
TABLE C.4 Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Missions and Characteristics
Mission
Objectives
Launch, S/C
Instruments
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
Measure time variations of Earth gravity
Mar 2002 Launch
Microwave Ranging Sensors
Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL)
Provide first global inventory of vertical structure of forests
Originally Spring 2000
Multi-Beam Laser Altimeter from NASA GSFC
Chemistry and Circulation Occultation Spectroscopy Mission (CCOSM)
Understand how atmospheric circulation controls the evolution of trace gases, aerosols, and pollutants
N.A.
Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), formerly Pathfinder Instrument for Cloud and Aerosol Spaceborne Observation – Climatologie Etendue des Nuages et des Aerosols (PICASSO–CENA)
Measure aerosol and cloud properties to improve climate predictions
Mar 2005 Launch –Delta 7420-10C (co-manifested with CloudSat), PROTEUS spacecraft (Alcatel)
Lidar (nadir-viewing, 2-wavelength, polarization sensitive), Visible Wide-Field Camera, Imaging Infrared Radiometer
CloudSat
Measure cloud profiles
2004 Launch –Delta 7420-10 launch vehicle, Ball RS2000 spacecraft bus
94-GHz Cloud Profiling Radar
Volcanic Ash Mapper (VOLCAM)
Monitor volcanic clouds and aerosols from geostationary orbit
Piggyback on spacecraft and flight of opportunity
Ultraviolet and Infrared Detectors
Aquarius
Globally map salt concentration on ocean surface
Launch date TBD
3 Polarimetric Radiometers, 1 Polarimetric Scatterometer
Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)
Make global measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Launch date TBD –Taurus 2110 launch vehicle, Orbital LEOStar 2 spacecraft
3 Grating Spectrometers
Hydrosphere State Mission (HYDROS)
Monitor soil moisture,land surface freeze/thaw conditions
2006 Launch –Taurus 2110 launch vehicle, Spectrum Astro SA-200HP Spacecraft
L Band Radar/Radiometer
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
Principal Team Institutions
Management
Selection
Status
JPL, Space Systems/Loral, U.Tex., Eurockot
PI – Byron Tapley (U.Tex.)
ESSP--1
Operating
Lab.Terrestrial Physics, U.Md., Omicron, Orbital, Raytheon, Swales, NASA GSFC
PI – Ralph Dubayah (U.Md.)
ESSP--1
Descoped to technology development program; canceled in 2003
Lockheed Martin, Spectrum Astro, Inc., JPL
PI – Michael Prather (UC Irvine)
ESSP--1 Alternate
Not continued as alternate
NASA LaRC, Ball Aerospace, Hampton U., Centre National d ’Etudes Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon LaPlace
PI – Dave Winker (NASA LaRC)
ESSP--2
Implementation phase
USAF, Colo.State U., JPL, Ball Aerospace
PI – Graeme Stephens (Colo.State U.)
ESSP--2
Implementation phase
Ball Aerospace, Raytheon STX Corp., FAA, NOAA, USGS, Smithsonian Institution
PI – Arlin Krueger (NASA GSFC)
ESSP--2 Alternate
Not continued as alternate
NASA GSFC, Argentine space program; >17 university, corporate, and international partners
PI – Chester Koblinsky (NASA GSFC)
ESSP--3
Formulation phase
JPL, Hamilton Sunstrand, Orbital Sciences; >19 university, corporate, and international partners
PI – David Crisp (JPL)
ESSP--3
Formulation phase
MIT, JPL, NASA GSFC, Spectrum Astro, Inc.
PI – Dara Entekhabi (MIT)
ESSP--3 Alternate
Formulation phase
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
TABLE C.5 Other Missions and Characteristics
Mission
Objectives
Launch, S/C
Instruments
Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)
Measure solar irradiance
2002 Launch –Pegasus XL
Total Irradiance Monitor, Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment, Spectral Irradiance Monitor, and Extreme Ultraviolet Photometer System
Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS)
Perform all-sky spectroscopy of diffuse UV background
Jan 2003 Launch –Delta II secondary (with ICESat)
Spectrograph
Tomographic Experiment using Radiative Recombinative Ionospheric EUV and Radio Sources (TERRIERS)
Model electron density and photo emissive components
May 1996 Launch –Pegasus XL
5 Tomographic Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrographs, Gas Ionization Solar Spectral Monitor, 2 Photometers
Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE )
Measure effects of energy from the Sun and from the magnetosphere on the density of nitric oxide
Feb 1998 Launch –Pegasus XL
UV Spectrometer,Auroral Photometer, Solar X-Ray Photometer
High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE)-2
Analyze gamma-ray bursts
Oct 2000 Launch –Standard Pegasus
Gamma Ray Telescope, Wide-field X-ray Monitor, Soft X-ray Camera
Triana
Monitor Earth’s energy balance, diurnal changes, solar wind, space weather
Launch date TBD –Space Shuttle, S/C Type – SMEX--Lite
Scripps Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera, Advanced Radiometer Package, Plasma Magnetometer
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
Principal Team Institutions
Management
Selection
Status
U. Colo., Orbital, NASA GSFC
PI – Gary Rottman (U. Colo. LASP)
1999 consolidation of two EOS PI missions: SOLSTICE and TSIM (SOLSTICE: AO-88-OSSA-1 selected 2/1989; TSIM: AO-97-MTPE-01 selected 2/1999)
Implementation phase
UC Berkeley, SpaceDev, Inc.
PI – Mark Hurwitz (UC Berkeley)
UNEX
Operating
Boston U., NRL, MIT, U. Ill., Aero Astro, Inc.
PI – Daniel Cotton (Boston U.)
STEDI 1995
Failed during on-orbit commission
U.Colo.LASP, USRA, NASA, Ball Aerospace, Orbital, NCAR, NASA GSFC
PI – Charles Barth (U.Colo.)
STEDI 1995
Operating
MIT, LANL, France ’s CNES and CESR, Japan ’s RIKEN
PI – George Ricker (MIT)
1997
Operating
Scripps Inst., NASA GSFC, Lockheed Martin, Ball Aerospace/NIST
PI – Francisco P..J.Valero (Scripps Inst.of Oceanography)
1998
In storage awaiting opportunity for launch
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
REFERENCES
Briefings to Committee on Earth Studies
Jack Kaye, State of the Earth Science Enterprise, December 11, 2000
Peter Harvey, HESSI: The PI-Mode Experience, December 11, 2000
Michael Prather, Experiences as PI on ESSP AO-1 and AO-2, December 11, 2000
Richard Zurek, Some Thoughts on PI-Led Missions, December 11, 2000
Warren Wiscombe, Triana: Experiences and Lessons Learned, December 11, 2000
Bill Gibson, The IMAGE Mission PI Team Experience, December 12, 2000
Prasad Gogineni, ESSP Missions, December 12, 2000
Mark Saunders, A Perspective on PI-Mode Missions, December 12, 2000
William Gail, Perspectives on PI-Led AO Missions, April 25, 2001
Michael McGrath, Comments on PI Missions, April 25, 2001
Gary Rottman, The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE), April 25, 2001
Nicholas Chrissotimos, Earth Explorers Program PI-Mode Mission Management, April 26, 2001
Charles A. Barth, SNOE and Lessons for PI-Led Missions, April 26, 2001
Dan N. Baker, Managing and Developing Small Scientific Spacecraft, April 26, 2001
Byron Tapley, GRACE and Lessons for PI-led Missions, April 26, 2001
Graeme Stephens, CloudSat and Lessons for PI-led Missions, April 26, 2001
Ben Clark, Discovery Missions, April 26, 2001
NASA Missions
Discovery, Explorer, and Solar-Terrestrial Probes
CONTOUR: http://www.contour2002.org/
Deep Impact: http://deepimpact.umd.edu/
GALEX: http://www.srl.caltech.edu/galex/
Genesis: http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/
Kepler: http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/
RHESSI: http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/
Mars Express: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/future/express.html
MESSENGER: http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/messenger/
IMAGE: http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/
MAP: http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
SNOE: http://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/
Stardust: http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/
TRACE: http://vestige.lmsal.com/trace/
Lunar Prospector: http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/
Mars Climate Orbiter: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/orbiter/
Mars Pathfinder: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/default.html
NEAR: http://near.jhuapl.edu/
Earth System Science Pathfinders
Orbiting Carbon Observatory: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/oco/index.html
Aquarius: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/aquarius/index.html
HYDROS: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/hydros/index.html
CloudSat: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/cloudsat/index.html
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Steps to Facilitate Principal-Investigator-Led Earth Science Missions
GRACE: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/grace/index.html
Vegetation Canopy Lidar: http://essp.gsfc.nasa.gov/vcl/index.html
Reports
National Research Council, Space Studies Board, Assessment of Recent Changes in the Explorer Program, 1996, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Kenneth Lang, MIDEX Lessons-Learned Workshop Final Report, Proceedings from the Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) Lessons-Learned Workshop, June 26-27, 1996, Hampton, Virginia, August 1996, available online at <http://explorer.larc.nasa.gov/explorer/MIDEX.html>
Mars Program Independent Assessment Team, Summary Report, March 14, 2000, available online at <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/marsreports/mpiat_summary.pdf>
Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board, Report on Project Management at NASA, March 13, 2000
Announcement of Opportunity/Earth System Science Pathfinder
NASA, ESSP-3 AO, AO-01-OES-01, May 2001, available online at <http://centauri.larc.nasa.gov/essp/selection.html>
NASA, ESSP-2 AO, AO-98-OES-01, April 13, 1998
NASA, ESSP-1 AO, AO-96-OES-01, 1996
Representative terms from entire chapter:
lockheed martin