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OCR for page 220
FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PLATE 2 These crystals of human insulin are made by
bacteria whose genetic instructions have been altered using
recombinant DNA techniques. Human insulin is needed by
diabetics who develop allergies to the animal-derived insulin
that has been used to treat the disease since 1921. Without
chemical engineering contributions such as process design
and purification technology, though, the large-scale pro-
duction of human insulin would not be possible. Courtesy,
Eli Lilly and Company.
PLATE 1 The kidney dialysis machine (artificial kidney) is responsible for
major reductions in deaths and adverse health consequences from kidney
failure. Its development required a team effort that brought together chemical
engineers, physicians, and materials scientists. The design of the disposable
filter cartridge, shown attached to the front left side of the dialysis machine,
was a major contribution by chemical engineers to the project. Courtesy,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
OCR for page 221
PLATE 3 Cell culture of plants now takes place in individual containers cared
for by hand. Automation of plant cell culture using chemical engineering
techniques could improve the yields and economics of plant cell culture and
expand the range of its applications in the production of new species and
hybrids. Courtesy, Monsanto Company.
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PLATE 4 Bioreactors that use mammalian cells, like this
tower fermenter, are on the cutting edge of new biotech-
nology manufacturing processes. Courtesy, Cetus Corpo-
ration.
OCR for page 222
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(1)
(3)
PLATE 5 Stages in the retorting of an
oil shale particle in a hot inert gas are
shown. [1, 2, 3] The retorting zone moves
inward as products diffuse out of the
particle. A coke layer on the particle is
formed as a final step of the retorting
process. [4, 5, 6] Retorting goes to com-
pletion in the center of the particle, and
a fully coked particle remains. Courtesy,
Amoco Corporation.
PLATE 6 The turbulent environment in
which combustion, a chemical process,
takes place is dramatized by this Schli-
eren photograph of a propane diffusion
flame. Courtesy, Norman A. Chigier,
Carnegie Mellon University.
(4)
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OCR for page 223
E ;~ONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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PLATE 7 Chemical engineers develop models to understand the formation,
transport, and environmental fate of airborne pollutants such as ozone. This
photograph shows a graphic display of a chemical engineering model for ozone
concentrations in the Los Angeles basin. Courtesy, John Seinfeld, California
Institute of Technology.
PLATE 8 Corrosion is a chemical proc-
ess whose results are easy to see in the
world around us. In this picture, corro-
sion of reinforcing steel has caused the
concrete pillars to spell, weakening the
bridge and forcing the installation of
wooden joists to temporarily support the
bridge deck structure. The results of
corrosion impose significant economic
costs on society- in 1982, these costs
were estimated at about $120 billion.
Courtesy, Robert Baboian, Texas Instru-
ments, Inc.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
cell culture
