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OCR for page 105
APPENDIX
A
Glossary
The following have been taken directly or modified from definitions
in A Dictionary of Genetics, 3rd edition, by Robert C. King and
William D. Stansfield, Oxford University Press, New York, 1985,
with permission from the publisher.
Allele One of a series of possible alternative forms of a given gene,
differing in DNA sequence and affecting the functioning of a
single product (RNA and/or protein).
cDNA Complementary DNA produced from a RNA template by the
action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcrip-
tase).
Chromosome (1) In prokaryotes, the circular DNA molecule con-
taining the entire set of genetic instructions essential for life of
the cell. (2) In the eukaryotic nucleus, one of the threadlike
structures consisting of chromatin (DNA plus associated protein)
and carrying genetic information arranged in linear sequence.
Clone (1) A group of genetically identical cells or organisms all
descended from a single common ancestral cell or organism by
mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes.
(2) Genetically engineered replicas of DNA sequences.
Codon The nucleotide triplet in messenger RNA that specifies the
amino acid to be inserted in a specific position in the forming
polypeptide during translation.
Cosmid Vectors designed for cloning large fragments of eukaryotic
DNA.
Crossing over The exchange of genetic material between homologous
chromosomes.
105
OCR for page 106
06
APPENDIX A
Cytogenetics The science that combines the methods and findings of
cytology and genetics.
Electrophoresis The movement of the charged molecules in solution
in an electrical field. The solution is generally held in a porous
support medium, such as a gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide.
Electrophoresis is generally used to separate molecules from a
mixture on the basis of `differences in net electrical charge and
also by size or geometry of the molecules, in a manner that
depends on the characteristics of the gel matrix.
Exon A portion of split gene that is included in the transcript of a
gene and that survives splicing of the RNA in the cell nucleus to
become part of a messenger RNA or a structural RNA in the cell
cytoplasm.
Gene A hereditary unit that, in the classical sense, occupies a specific
position Focus) within the genome or chromosome; a unit that
has one or more specific effects upon the phenotype of the
organism; a unit that can mutate to various allelic forms; a unit
that codes for a single protein or functional RNA molecule.
Intron in split genes a segment that is transcribed into nuclear RNA,
but is subsequently removed from within the transcript by RNA
splicing and rapidly degraded. Most genes in the nuclei of
eukaryotes contain introns.
Linkage map A chromosome map showing the relative positions of
the known genes on the chromosomes of a given species, as
determinecl by the inheritance of linked traits.
Oligonucleotide A polymer made up of a few (between 2 and 20)
nucleotides.
Open reading frame Regions in a DNA molecule where successive
nucleotide triplets can potentially be read as codons specifying
amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not
interrupted by stop codons.
Polymorphism The existence of two or more genetically different
classes in the same interbreeding population (Ah-positive and Rh-
negative humans, for example).
Recombination The occurrence of progeny with combinations of
genes other than those that occurred in the parents as a result of
independent assortment or crossing over.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms Variations occurring within
a species in the length of DNA fragments generated by a specific
endonuclease. Such variations are generated by mutations that
create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes. For example,
restriction endonuclease mapping of human structural genes for
beta hemoglobin chains has shown that parents with the sickle
cell mutation produce abnormal restriction fragments.
...
OCR for page 107
APPENDIX A
107
Reverse transcription DNA synthesis from an RNA template, me-
diated by reverse transcriptase.
Somatic cell Any cell of the eukaryotic body other than those destined
to become sex cells. In diploid organisms, most somatic cells
contain the IN number of chromosomes.
Stop codon A ribonucleotide triplet signaling the termination of the
translation of a protein chain.
..
Representative terms from entire chapter:
dna molecule
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