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OCR for page 98
Index
A
Abuse/~proper care of animals
examples of, 84, 8~87
penalty for, 15
Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), 28-29
Alternatives to animal use
agglutination, 4S
cell/ti~sue cultures, 28, 32, 40,
4205
computer simulations/
mathematical models, 32, 38,
40, 44
definition, 38
enzyme immunoassay, 45
human tissues, 43
information services to reduce
duplication of research, 5,
45-46, 51-52, 72, 87
invertebrates and nonmammalian
species, 5, 32, 38, 39, 42, 45, 72
microorganisms, 40, 42, 45
in neuronal development studies, 32
in Nobel Prize-winning research, 39
noninva~ive human studies, 32
plailt5, 39
protocol refinements, 5, 38, 44, 73
radioimmunoassay, 45
98
recommendations on, 5, 72, 87
reduction in numbers of animals,
4-5, 25, 38, 44
unity in diversity principle, 3040
in toxicity testing, 4203, 44-46
in vitro techniques, 38, 43, 45
Alsheimer's disease, 34
American Association for
Accreditation of Laboratory
Animal Care, 53, 55
American Humane Association, 14
American Physiological Society,
guidelines on use of animals, 15'
59
American Psychological Association,
15
Animal motels
in AIDS research, 28-29
applicability to humans, 27
autoimmune disease, 40-41
in behavioral medicine, 35
hypertension, 31
invertebrates, 42
nonmammaIian vertebrates, 42
Animal rights, 15-16, 63, 81, 82, 85
Animal shelters, 64, 83
Animal Welfare Act
amendments, 6, 49-50, 51
OCR for page 99
INDE~f
animal fighting prohibitions, 50, 51
animals covered by 6, 49, 50-51, 84
history, 14
penalties for violation, 50
protocol design requirements, 58
reporting requirements for animal
use, 25, 4050
standards for care, 6, 51-53, 70
transportation restrictions, 50
Antivivisectionist movement, 12, 14
Autoimmune disease, 4041
B
Benefits of animal use
AIDS research, 4, 28-29
to animals, 4, 2030, 3~37
cardio~rascular-renal studies, 3,
31-32
to humans, 3, 13, 27, 28-36, 4001,
48, 6506, 69
in immunology, 3, 29
life expectancy increases in
humans, 3, 27
memory research, 4, 34
in nenrous system studies, 4, 32-35
in organ tr~spl~tation, 3, 2031
in pain management research, 35
polio research, 3 4, 28
pound Animals, 65-66
propagation of endangered species,
36-37
syphilis treatment, 48
sec also Animal models
Biotechnology, effects on patterns of
animal use, 25-26, 43
Birds
benefits of animal research to,
36-37
number used in research, 21
reporting requirements of research
use of, 19
C
Cardio~rascular-renal studies, 3,
31-32
Cats and dogs
in AIDS research, 29
benefits of research to, 36
biotechnology use of, 25
99
in cardiova~cular-renal studies,
31-32, 66
costs of, 61, 82
in nervous system research, 32-33,
66
number of pets, 18
number used in research, 18, 20
in organ transplant research, 30
public opinion on use of, 17
In teaching, 59
Derision studies, 33, 66
sec also Pound animals
Consumer Product Safety
Commission
legal authority for toxicity testing
with annals, 23
patterns of animal use, 23
Educational use of animals
by federal government, 22, 23
importance, 23
number of animals, 2, 18, 23
Environmental Protection Agency
Good Laboratory Practices
regulations, 7, 55
legal authority for toxicity testing
with animals, 23
patterns of animal use, 23
p
Farm animals
benefits of research to, 36
freemartin cattle, 29
legislation protecting, 13-14, 49
reporting requirements of research
use of, 19
F`ood ant Drug Administration, 7,
23, 55-56
Food Ad fiber uses of animals, 2, 18
G
Guide for the Care and Uac of
Lobor~o~ Arumals
cost of implementing standards, 60
history, 07, 53-54
purpose, 7, 14, 53, 57, 70
recommended review of, 8, 70
regulatory force of 7-8, 54, 57, 70
OCR for page 100
00
H
Hierarchy of species, 16
I
Insects, genetic studies, 5, 42
Institute for Laboratory Animal
Resources, 2, 19
Intermediary metabolism, 39-40, 43
Korsakoff's syndrome, 34
L
Legal protection of animals
Animals (Scientific Procedures)
Act of 1986, 48
anticruelty, 14, 56
Cruelty to Animals Act, 14
in England, 13, 14
Food Security Act of 1985, 51
Health Research Extension Act, 7,
51, 54
historical background, 13-15
Humane Slaughter Act, 49
Improved Standards for Laboratory
AnimaLs Act, 6, 51-53, 70
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of
1966, 49, 53, 62
Martin's Act, 13
Twenty-Eight Hour Law, 49
sec alto Animal Welfare Act; G=dc
for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals; Regulation;
Regulations
M
Mammals
alternatives to, 28, 32, 3800, 4104
human emotional attachment to, 42
Memory research, 34
Monoclonal antibodies, 25, 3~)-31
Myasthenia gravis, 40-41
N
National Academy of Sciences 1896
opinion on eEects of restrictive
legislation, 91-94
INDEX
National Aeronautics ant Space
Administration
patterns of animal use, 23
Nervous system studies
behavior, 32-35
movement and function, 32-33
in nonmammalian vertebrates,
40~1, 42
visual cortex, postnatal
development, 33
New York Academy of Science, 48
o
Occupational Safety ant Health
Administration, 23
Organ transplantation, 3, 29, 30
p
Pain/suffering
degree of, in animal research, 86
protocol refinements for reducing,
38, 72
regulatory measures for reducing,
52-53, 56, 59
research classifications based on,
48-49
studies in animals, 35
Pets/companiom
legal protection of, 49
number of animals, 18
Polio, 3-4, 28
Pound animals
benefits to humane, 65-66
concerns for, 6~67
cost considerations, 61, 66, 82
emotional attachment issue, 48
recommended use of, 10, 73
regulation of, 010, 56, 65, 66 67
72-73, 81
scientific considerations in use of,
10, 65
supply, 64~5
Primates (nonhuman)
biotechnology use of, 25
costs of, 61
memory studies, 34
number used in research, 18, 20, 84
public opinion on use of, 17
rhesus monkeys, 28-29
OCR for page 101
INDEX
Derision studies, 33
Public Health Service
Policy on Humane Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals, 7, 51,
60~2
policy on laboratory "imale, 54-56
Public opinion on animal
experimentation, 15, 1017
R
Rabbits
biotechnology use of, 25
number used in research, 20, 41
toxicity testing with, 24
Regulation
accreditation of research
institutions, 55
approaches, 4709
benefits to animals, 62
committee review of animal care, 6,
51, 52, 5055, 58, 82
cost effects of, 60 62, 73, 82, 83
education and training effects of, 59
emotional attachment to animals,
48
of facilities for animals, 09, 55, 58,
60, 82, 83
granting agency approach to, 57-58
inspection of study areas, 6, 52, 57,
62~3, 71, 8~87
licensing of experimenters, 14, 56
National Academy of Sciences 1896
opinion on, 91-94
of Pam and distress in animals,
4809, 52-53
pound animals, 9-10, 56, 65, 6067,
72-73, 81
protocol review, 7, 8, 58, 82
recommendations on, 9, 6073
record keeping, 55
research effects of, 58, 60, 69, 81,
83
of school-level experimentation, 56
self-regulation, 8, 57, 58-59
of standards of care, 50, 55
stringency based on evolutionary
relationship to humans, 48
of transportation, 49
value-of-research issue in, 47-48
veterinarians as regulators, 82-83
101
Regulations
enforcement of, 52, 57, 62~3
federal, 4053; Cc ado Legal
protection of animals
federal policy statements, 7, 53-54
Good Laboratory Practices, 7,
55-56
penalties for violation oh 6, 8, 50,
52, 57, 63
requiring animal use in toxicity
testing, 5, 23, 46
state, 10, 56
sec alto Legal protection of animals
Research use of animals
alternatives to use of mammals,
41~4
anesthetization, 19, 31, 35, 67, 73,
93
behavioral, 18
committee review of, 51, 52, 54
costs of, 4, 60 62
essentiality, 1, 18, 40
experimental procedures with
supportive care, 18
facilities, recommendations, 71
by federal government, 22-23, 26
history of, 12-13
information services to reduce
duplication of research, 4506,
51-52
neglect and abuse in, 84, 8~87
in Nobel Pr~ze-winning retie arch, 39
number, 18, 1022
organ transplantation, 18
protocol review, 58
reporting requirements, 19, 25, 26,
49-50
sec alto Toxicity testing
Rodents
advantages in use of, 39
memory studies, 34
number used in research, 18, 20,
25, 26, 41
in organ transplant research, 29-30
public opinion on use of, 17
reporting requirements of research
use of, 19, 24-25
toxicity -testing with, 24-25
transgenic mice, 26
OCR for page 102
102
S
Safety testing of medical equipment
and devices, 4, 31-32, 33
Scientists Center for Animal
Welfare, 48
Society for Neuroscience, guidelines
of use of animals, 15, 59
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals, historical
background, 13-14
Society of Toxicology, 59
Speciesism, 16
Swine, 12, 25
T
Toxicity testing
acute toxicity tests, 24, 26, 44
alternative methods in, 44-48, 72
biological screening tests, 24, 26, 45
carcinogenicity tests, 24, 26, 45
cell and tissue culture use in, 42-45
developmental and reproductive
toxicity tests, 24, 26, 45
eye and skin irritation tests, 24, 26,
44
by federal government, 22, 23
immunosuppressive agents, 30
information services to reduce
duplication of research, 4S - 6,
51-52, 72
legal requirements for use of
animals in, 23, 46
INDEX
mutagenicity tests, 24, 26, 45
neurotoxicity tests, 24, 26, 45
number of animals used in, 2, 18,
24-25, 26
procedures, 18-19, 26
recommendations on, 72
repeated-dose chronic toxicity
tests, 24, 26, 45
U
Universality of the cell theory, 39
Universality of the genetic code, 40
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, 2, 19, 71
patterns of animal use, 22
U.S. Government, patterns of animal
use, 22
U.S. Government Principles for the
Utilization and Care of
Vertebrate Animals Used in
Testing, Research and Training,
~5
V
vision research, 33-34
Vivisection, 12-13
A
Yeast, 42, 45
Representative terms from entire chapter:
reporting requirements
