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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE
NATIONAL MAPPING DIVISION, USGS:
TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
Mapping Science Committee
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1991
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance
of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the
charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National
Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr.
Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given
to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and
education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916
to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy purposes of
furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with
general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities.
The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank
Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National
Research Council.
Support for this study by the Mapping Science Committee was provided by the U.S.
Geological Survey under agreements 14~8 0001-A0693 and 14{~8 0001-A0822.
Available from
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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MAPPING SCIENCE COMMITTEE
JOHN D. BOSSIER, Ohio State University, Chairman (since March 1990)
THOMAS C. FINNIE,* Consultant, Gilbertsville, Kentucky, Chainnan
(through February 1990)
JOHN C. ANTENUCCI, PlanGraphics, Inc.
LAWRENCE F. AYERS,+ Intergraph Corporation
ROBERT CHARTRAND,+ Naples, Florida
DONALD F. COOKE,+ Geographic Data Technology, Inc.
DAVID J. COWEN, University of South Carolina
JOHN E. ESTES, University of California, Santa Barbara
CLIFFORD GREVE,+ Autometrics, Inc.
ROBERT D. JOHNSON,* Petroleum Information, Inc.
GIULIO MARTINI,+ TYDAC Technologies, Inc.
JOHN D. MCLAUGHLIN,+ University of New Brunswick
BERNARD J. NIEMANN, JR.,+ University of Wisconsin, Madison
BARBARA B. PETCHENIK, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company
GERARD RUSHTON,+ University of Iowa
HOWARD J. SIMKOWITZ,+ Caliper Corporation
HUGO F. THOMAS,* Connecticut Natural Resources Center
C. DANA TOMLIN,* Harvard University and Ohio State University
ROBERT TUFTS,+ The Analytical Science Corporation
THOMAS J. WILBANKS,* Oak Ridge National Laboratories
NRC Staff
THOMAS M. USSELMAN
U.S. Geological Survey Liaison Representatives
JOEL L. MORRISON
LOWELL E. STARR
*Term ended February 1990
+Term began March 1990
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BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
WILLIAM L. FISHER, University of Texas, Co-Chaim'an
BRIAN J. SKINNER, Yale University, Co-Chairman
SAMUEL S. ADAMS, Colorado School of Mines
KEIITI AKI, University of Southern California
ALBERT W. BALLY, Rice University
JAMES R. BAROFFIO, Chevron Canada Resources Ltd.
SANDRA L. BLACKSTONE, University of Denver
DONALD J. DEPAOLO, University of California, Berkeley
GORDON P. EATON, Iowa State University
W. GARY ERNST, Stanford University
ROBERT N. GINSBURG, University of Miami
ALEXANDER F.H. GOETZ, University of Colorado
PRISCILLA C. GREW, Minnesota Geological Survey
PERRY HAGENSTEIN, Resource Issues, Inc.
HARRISON C. JAMISON, Consultant, Sunriver, Oregon
THOMAS H. JORDAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHARLES J. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
CAREL OTTE, JR., Unocal Corporation
FRANK M. RICHTER, University of Chicago
JJ. SIMMONS III, Interstate Commerce Commission
STEVEN M. STANLEY, Case Western Reserve University
IRAN L. WHITE, New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority
Staff
KEVIN C. BURKE, Staff Director
THOMAS M. USSELMAN, Senior Staff Scientist
LALLY A. ANDERSON, Staff Associate
GAYLENE DUMOUCHEL, Administrative Assistant
BARBARA WRIGHT, Administrative Secretary
1V
1
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COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES,
ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN, The Johns Hopkins University, Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RALPH J. CICERONE, University of California, Irvine
PETER S. EAGLESON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HELEN M. INGRAM, University of Arizona
GENE E. LIKENS, New York Botanical Garden
SYUKURO MANABE, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
JACK E. OLIVER, Cornell University
PHILIP A. PALMER, E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company
FRANK L. PARKER, Vanderbilt University
DUNCAN T. FATTEN, Arizona State University
MAXINE L. SAVITZ, Allied Signal Aerospace Company
LARRY L. SMARR, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
STEVEN M. STANLEY, Case Western Reserve University
SIR CRISPIN TICKELL, Green College at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford
KARL K. TUREKIAN, Yale University
IRVIN L. WHITE, New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority
JAMES H. ZUMBERGE, University of Southern California
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
JANICE E. GREENE, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Financial Officer
CARLITA PERRY, Administrative Assistant
v
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PREFACE
Upon request of the director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the
Mapping Science Committee was established in 1987 to provide guidance to the
USGS on mapping and geography issues. In the request, the suggested initial
charges to the committee were as follows:
1. Examine the needs for the geographic and cartographic data provided
by the USGS. Do the Surveys current mapping activities and products
adequately address these needs?
2. Examine and advise on USGS programs of research and development
of hardware and software for original data acquisition, processing, storing,
marketing, and distribution of digital cartographic data and synthesized
information products to the user community.
3. Examine the scope and content of the USGS's activities in geographic
information systems (GIS) and recommend their role in assembling and
maintaining digital data bases from within the USGS and from other sources.
4. Respond to specific requests for guidance on mapping and geography.
The committee issued a report, Spatial Data Needs: The Future of the
National Mapping Program, in January 1990, which specifically addressed the
first and third of these charges and provided general guidance on the second.
This report is directed toward the second charge concentrating on the
research and development (R&D) activities within the USGS National
Mapping Division (NMD).
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The committee was briefed on the R&D components within NMD during
its meetings between July 1987 and April 1989; these meetings, however,
focused more on the issues presented in the committee's previous report. The
USGS briefed the committee on its R&D activities at a meeting in November
1989, and additional materials and plans were provided subsequently by the
USGS.
The committee wishes to thank staff of the National Mapping Division,
who contributed information for its deliberations.
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCE ION
2 CURRENT R&D PLANS IN NMD
Developmental Plans and Activities, 8
The Mark-II System, 8
Product Generation, 11
Standards Development, 12
Rules Development, 14
Technology Transfer, 14
DLG-E Development, 15
NMD Research Initiatives, 16
Models of Digital Spatial Data, 17
Techniques Research, 19
Remote Sensing and Image Processing, 20
Thematic Mapping, 21
Data Applications Research, 21
Global Change Research, 23
IX
1
4
8
.
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RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
Data Capture, Revision, and Maintenance, 26
Data Base Organization, 31
Spatial Data Display, 32
Applications, 33
Decision Support Systems, 33
Global Change Research: An Example of
Spatial Data Applications, 35
Research Opportunities: Conclusions, 36
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations, 39
1. Research Agenda, 39
2. External Relationships, 39
3. Technological Flenabili~, 41
4. Standards, 41
5. Non-standard Products, 42
Conclusions, 42
REFERENCES
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
APPENDIXES
A Research Projects in NMD, 47
B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members, 57
x
25
38
43
44
