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OCR for page R1
NEED FOR A
MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRE
Panel on a Multipurpose Cadastre
Committee on Geodesy
Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1980
.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proce-
dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the
authority of its Congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a pri-
vate, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the Academy of Sciences and the National Academy
of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and
the Institute of Medicine. The Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine
were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the Academy of
Sciences.
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Committee on Geodesy
Ivan I. Mueller, The Ohio State University, Chairman
Duane C. Brown, Geodetic Services Inc., Indialantic, Florida
Daniel B. DeBra, Stanford University
Adam Dziewonski, Harvard University
Edward M. Gaposchkin, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
John C. Harrison, CIRES, University of Colorado
George E. Jones, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., New Orleans
William M. Kaula, Univeristy of California, Los Angeles
Byron D. Tapley, University of Texas, Austin
Charles A. Whitten, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(retired)
Liaison Members
William J. Best, U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research
John D. Bossier, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Frederick J. Doyle, U.S. Geological Survey
John Filson, U.S. Geological Survey
Leonard Johnson, National Science Foundation
Armando Mancini, Defense Mapping Agency
Thomas E. Pyle, Office of Naval Research
Carl F. Romney, Advanced Research Projects Agency
Pitt G. Thome, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Staff
Hyman Orlin, National Research Council, Executive Secretary
· -—
111
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Pane] on a
Multipurpose Cadastre
George E. Jones, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., New Orleans, Chairman
MacDonald Barr, Massachusetts Department of Community Affairs
Duane C. Brown, Geodetic Services Inc., Indialantic, Florida
Earl Epstein, University of Maine
Gunther H. Greulich, Boston Survey Consultants, Inc.
John D. McLaughlin, University of New Brunswick
G. Warren Marks, The Pennsylvania State University
Charles A. Whitten, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(retired)
Liaison Members
John O. Behrens, U.S. Bureau of the Census
Gil Blankespoor, Department of Housing and Urban Development
Clifton Fry, U.S. Geological Survey
Bernard W. Hostrop, Bureau of Land Management
Armando Mancini, Defense Mapping Agency
D. David Moyer, Department of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin
James Stem, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ex Officio
Ivan I. Mueller, The Ohio State University
Staff
Hyman Orlin, National Research Council, Executive Secretary
IV
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Preface
The increasing demand for land information at all levels of government and
in the private sector, and,the increasing involvement of federal agencies and
programs in the development and maintenance of land-information systems,
induced the federal agencies to request the National Research Council to de-
f~ne a federal role in the development of a multipurpose cadastre applicable
on a national basis. Rather than attempting to resolve all land-information
systems problems, it was decided to consider the basic components (reference
frame, base map, and cadastral overlay) of a multipurpose cadastre, which,
if properly established and maintained, would provide the common frame-
work for all land-information systems. In the process of defining a federal
role, the roles of the state and local governments and those of the private
sector (companies and citizens) were considered germane. With these roles
established and the multipurpose cadastre conceptualized, the relationship of
land data files to the multipurpose cadastre was considered.
The present status of cadastral activities at the federal, state, and local gov-
ernmental levels and in the private sector was examined, and a number of
pilot projects were reviewed. This background material was gleaned from the
literature and from contacts at various levels of government. The material
was reviewed by individuals in the academic community, the state and local
governments, and the private sector.
This report is the product of a one-year study. It primarily emphasizes the
basic components of a multipurpose cadastre, particularly the reference frame
and base map for which great expertise exists at the federal level. However,
other aspects of the cadastre, which are the prime responsibility of others,
v
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.
Vl
NEED FOR A MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRE
are also considered. The major federal input in these other areas, such as tech-
nical assistance, land data, and personnel development, are discussed. Early in
this study, it was determined that the development of a multipurpose cadas-
tre that would be applicable on a national basis would depend on the realiza-
tion by all participants that the benefits to be derived from the free flow
of information among all users far exceeded the value of a nonaddressable
local cadastre.
The technical details of the multipurpose cadastre, alluded to in this re-
port, need to be developed further. It is recommended that specialized panels
be formed to consider these aspects.
Comments on this report and recommendations for follow-on activities
addressed to the Committee on Geodesy, National Research Council, 2101
Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418, would be appreciated.
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Acknowledgments
This study was undertaken late in 1979 by the Panel on a Multipurpose
Cadastre of the Committee on Geodesy in the National Research Council's
Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The work is supported by
the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space A~ministra-
tion, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S.
Geological Survey. The free distribution of this report has been made possible
through grants from the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Land Manage-
ment, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Panel
appreciates the interest and support--of these agencies. We are also grateful
to the liaison members for their assistance.
We also appreciate the contributions and suggestions of outside reviewers.
However, the responsibility for the content of this report lies with the panel
members.
via
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Contents
Executive Summary
1 Introduction
1.1 Origins of the Cadastre Concept
1.2 Evolution of the North American Cadastral Arrangements
1.3 Needs for Improving the Cadastral Institutions
1.4 The Concept of the Multipurpose Cadastre
2 Current Status of Cadastral Efforts
2.1 The Unimproved State of Affairs
2.1.1 Land Transfer
2.1.2 Property Assessment
2.1.3 Land Management
2.1.4 Private and Public Boundary Surveys
2.2 Problems
2.3 Improvement Activity
2.4 Status at the Federal Level
2.4.1 Geodetic Reference Network
2.4.2 Base Maps
2.4.3 Cadastral Overlays
2.4.4 Improvement Implementation at the Federal Level
2.5 Status at the State Level
2.5.1 Geodetic Reference Network
2.5.2 Base Maps
2.5.3 Cadastral Overlays
IX
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2.5.4 Improvement Implementation at the
Provincial and State Level
2.6 Status at the Local and Private Levels
2.6.1 Geodetic Reference Network
2.6.2 Base Maps and Cadastral Overlay
2.6.3 Improvement Implementation at the Local
and Private Level
2.7 Conclusions
3 Technical Requirements
3.1 Geodetic Reference Network
3.1.1 Local Densif~cation of the National Geodetic Net
3.1.2 Horizontal Geodetic Control for Property Boundaries
3.~.3 Vertical Geodetic Control
3.1.4 Tidal Benchmarks
3.2 Base Mapping
3.2.1 Large-Scale Maps
3.2.2 Base Maps
3.2.3 Cadastral Maps
3.2.4 Specialty Maps
3.3 Cadastral Parcel
3.3.1 Definition of the Cadastral Parcel
3.3.2 The Role of the Cadastral Parcel
3.3.3 Delineating the Cadastral Parcels
3.4 Mechanisms Required to Support Multipurpose
Data Systems
3.4.1 Integrating Mechanisms: Standard Indexing
and Referencing Systems
3.4.2 Quality Control
3.4.3 Privacy and Confidentiality Safeguards
3.4.4 Phased Implementation
3.5 Improvements in Survey Practice
3.5.1 Accuracy Standards
3.5.2 Monuments and Coordinates
3.5.3 Evidence
3.5.4 Recorded Plats and Plans
3.5.5 Field Notes
3.5.6 Surveyor's Plan
3.6 Public and Private Utilities Cadastre
x
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4 Organizational Requirements for a Multipurpose Cadastre
4.1 Proposed Approach
4.1.1 Roots of the System in Local Government
4.1.2 A Local Response to National Priorities
4.1.3 Precedents and Support from Other Inter-
governmental Programs
4.1.4 General Comparison of Roles: Federal, State,
Local, and Private Sectors
4.2 Responsibilities for Each Component of the System
4.2.1 The Geodetic Reference Network
4.2.2 Base Maps and Cadastral Overlays
4.2.3 The Register of Cadastral Parcels
4.3 New Commitments and Resources Needed
4.3.1 Federal Technical Studies to Identify
Standards
4.3.2 A Program of Federal Assistance
4.3.3 Active Participation and Support by
State Governments
4.3.4 Participation and Executive-Level Support
by Local Governments
4.3.5 Policies to be Resolved with National
Interest Groups
4.3.6 Program Evaluation
4.3.7 Professional Development
4.4 Stages of Development of a Multipurpose Cadastre
Conclusions
5.1 General Conclusions
5.2 Specific Conclusions
5.2.1 Local Level
5.2.2 State Level
5.2.3 Federal Level
5.2.4 Future Committee Activities
References
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