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Appendix A
Interim Agreement Between the
United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on Certain Measures
With Respect to the Limitation
of Strategic Offensive Arms
279
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280
Interim Agreement Between the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Certain
Measures With Respect to the Limitation of Strategic
Offensive Arms
Signed at Moscow May 26, 1972
Approval authorized by U.S. Congress September 30, <972
Approved by U.S. President September 30, 1972
Notices of acceptance exchanged October 3, 1972
Entered into force October 3, 1972
The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
hereinafter referred to as the Parties,
Convinced that the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and
this Interim Agreement on Certain Measures with Respect to the Limitation of Stra-
tegic Offensive Arms will contribute to the creation of more favorable conditions for
active negotiations on limiting strategic arms as well as to the relaxation of interna-
tional tension and the strengthening of trust between States,
Taking intoaccountthe relationship between strategic offensive end defensive arms,
Mindful of their obligations under Article Vl of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons,
Have agreed as follows:
Article
The Parties undertake not to start construction of additional fixed land-based
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers after July 1, 1972.
Article II
The Parties undertake not to convert land-based launchers for light ICBMs, or for
ICBMs of older types deployed prior to 1964, into land-based launchers for heavy
ICBMs of types deployed after that time.
Article l l l
The Parties undertake to limit submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)
launchers and modern ballistic missile submarines to the numbers operational and
under construction on the date of signature of this Interim Agreement, and in addition
to launchers and submarines constructed under proceduresestablished by the Parties
as replacements for an equal number of ICBM launchers of older types deployed prior
to 1964 or for launchers on older submarines.
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SALT I INTERIM AGREEMENT
281
Article IV
Subject to the provisions of this Interim Agreement, modernization and replacement
of strategic offensive ballistic missiles and launchers covered by this Interim
Agreement may be undertaken.
Article V
1. For the purpose of providing assurance of compliance with the provisions of this
Interim Agreement, each Party shall use national technical means of verification at its
disposal in a manner consistent with generally recognized principles of international
law.
2. Each party undertakes not to interfere with the national technical means of
verification of the other Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article.
3. Each Party undertakes not to use deliberate concealment measures which
impede verification by national technical means of compliance with the provisions of
this Interim Agreement. This obligation shall not require changes in current
construction, assembly, conversion, or overhaul practices.
Article Vl
To promote the objectives and implementation of the provisions of this Interim
Agreement, the Parties shall use the Standing Consultative Commission established
under Article Xlil of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems in
accordance with the provisions of that Article.
Article Vl1
The Parties undertake to continue active negotiations for limitations on strategic
offensive arms. The obligations provided for in this Interim Agreement shall not
prejudice the scope or terms of the limitations on strategic offensive arms which may
be worked out in the course of further negotiations.
Article Vl11
1. This Interim Agreement shall enter into force upon exchange of written notices of
acceptance by each Party, which exchange shall take place simultaneously with the
exchange of instruments of ratification of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic
Missile Systems.
2. This Interim Agreement shall remain in force for a period of five years unless
replaced earlier by an agreement on more complete measures limiting strategic
offensive arms. It is the objective of the Parties to conduct active follow-on negotiations
with the aim of concluding such an agreement as soon as possible.
3. Each Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw
from this Interim Agreement if it decides that extraordinary events related to the
subject matter of this Interim Agreement have jeopardized its supreme interests. It shall
give notice of its decision to the other Party six months prior to withdrawal from this
Interim Agreement. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events
the notifying Party regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.
DONE at Moscow on May 26, 1972, in two copies, each in the English and Russian
languages, both texts being equally authentic.
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282
APPENDIX A
FOR THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
RICHARD NIXON
President of the United States
of America
FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS
L. 1. BREZHNEV
General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the CPSU
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Protocol to the Interim Agreement Between the United
States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on Certain Measures With Respect to the
Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
hereinafter referred to as the Parties,
Having agreed on certain limitations relating to submarine-launched ballistic missile
launchers and modern ballistic missile submarines, and to replacement procedures, in
the Interim Agreement,
Have agreed as follows:
The Parties understand that, underArticle lil of the InterimAgreement,fortheperiod
during which that Agreement remains in force:
The U.S. may have no more than 710 ballistic missile launchers on submarines
(SLBMs) and no more than 44 modern ballistic missile submarines. The Soviet Union
may have no more than 950 ballistic missile launchers on submarines and no more than
62 modern ballistic missile submarines.
Additional ballistic missile launchers on submarines up to the above-mentioned
levels, in the U.S.—over 656 ballistic missile launchers on nuclear-powered
submarines, and in the U.S.S.R.—over 740 ballistic missile launchers on nuclear-
powered submarines, operational and under construction, may become operational as
replacements for equal numbers of ballistic missile launchers of older types deployed
prior to 1964 or of ballistic missile launchers on older submarines.
The deployment of modern SLBMs on any submarine, regardless of type, will be
counted against the total level of SLBMs permitted for the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
This Protocol shall be considered an integral part of the Interim Agreement.
DONE at Moscow this 26th day of May, 1972
FOR THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
RICHARD NIXON
President of the
United States of America
283
FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
L. 1. BREZHNEV
General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the CPSU
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Agreed Statements, Common Understandings, and Uni-
lateral Statements Regarding the Interim Agreement
Between the United States of America and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics on Certain Measures With
Respect to the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
1. Agreed Statements
The document set forth below was agreed upon and initialed by the Heads of the
Delegations on May 26, 1972 (letter designations added):
AGREED STATEMENTS REGARDING THE INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST
REPUBLICS ON CERTAIN MEASURES WITH RESPECT TO THE LIMITATION
OF STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE ARMS
[A]
The Parties understand that land-based ICBM launchers referred to in the Interim
Agreement are understood to be launchers for strategic ballistic missiles capable of
ranges in excess of the shortest distance between the northeastern border of the
continental U.S. and the northwestern border of the continental USSR.
[B]
The Parties understand that fixed land-based ICBM launchers under active
construction as of the date of signature of the Interim Agreement may be completed.
[C]
The Parties understand that in the process of modernization and replacement the
dimensions of land-based ICBM silo launchers will not be significantly increased.
[D]
The Parties understand that during the period of the Interim Agreement there shall
be no significant increase in the number of ICBM or SLBM test and training launchers,
or in the number of such launchers for modern land-based heavy ICBMs. The Parties
further understand that construction or conversion of ICBM launchers at test ranges
shall be undertaken only for purposes of testing and training.
[E]
The Parties understand that dismantling or destruction of ICBM launchers of older
types deployed prior to 1964 and ballistic missile launchers on older submarines being
replaced by new SLBM launchers on modern submarines will beinitiatedatthetimeof
the beginning of sea trials of a replacement submarine, and will be completed in the
284
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SALT I INTERIM AGREEMENT
285
shortest possible agreed period of time. Such dismantling or destruction, and timely
notification thereof, will be accomplished under procedures to be agreed in the
Standing Consultative Commission.
2. Common Understandings
Common understanding of the Parties on the following matters was reached during
the negotiations:
A. Increase in ICBM Silo Dimensions
Ambassador Smith made the following statement on May 26, 1972:
The Parties agree that the term "significantly increased" means that an increase
will not be greater than 10-15 percent of the present dimensions of land-based ICBM
silo launchers.
Minister Semenov replied that this statement corresponded to the Soviet
understanding.
B. Standing Consultative Commission
Ambassador Smith made the following statement on May 22, 1972:
The United States proposes that the sides agree that, with regard to initial
implementation of the ABM Treaty's Article Xlil on the Standing Consultative
Commission (SCC) and of the consultation Articles to the Interim Agreement on
offensive arms and the Accidents Agreement,, agreement establishing the SCC will
be worked out early in the follow-on SALT negotiations; until that is completed, the
following arrangements will prevail: when SALT is in session, any consultation
desired by either side under these Articles can be carried out by the two SALT
Delegations; when SALT is not in session, ad hoc arrangements for any desired
consultations under these Articles may be made through diplomatic channels.
Minister Semenov replied that, on an ad referendum basis, he could agree that the
U.S. statement corresponded to the Soviet understanding.
C. Standstill
On May 6, 1972, Minister Semenov made the following statement:
In an effort to accommodate the wishes of the U.S. side, the Soviet Delegation is
prepared to proceed on the basis that the two sides will in fact observe the
obligations of both the Interim Agreement and the ABM Treaty beginning from the
date of signature of these two documents.
In reply, the U.S. Delegation made the following statement on May 20, 1972:
The U.S. agrees in principle with the Soviet statement made on May 6 concerning
observance of obligations beginning from date of signature but we would like to
make clear our understanding that this means that, pending ratification and
acceptance, neither side would take any action prohibited by the agreements after
'See Article 7 of Agreement to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War Between
the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, signed Sept.
30, 1971.
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286
APPENDIX A
they had entered into force. This understanding would continue to apply in the
absence of notification by either signatory of its intention not to proceed with
ratification or approval.
The Soviet Delegation indicated agreement with the U.S. statement.
3. Unilateral Statements
(a) The following noteworthy unilateral statements were made during the
negotiations by the United States Delegation:
A. Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty
On May 9, 1972, Ambassador Smith made the following statement:
The U.S. Delegation has stressed the importance the U.S. Government attaches to
achieving agreement on more complete limitations on strategic offensive arms,
following agreement on an ABM Treaty and on an Interim Agreement on certain
measures with respect to the limitation of strategic offensive arms. The U.S.
Delegation believes that an objective of the follow-on negotiations should be to
constrain and reduce on a long-term basis threats to the survivability of our
respective strategic retaliatory forces. The USSR Delegation has also indicated that
the objectives of SALT would remain unfulfilled without the achievement of an
agreement providing for more complete limitations on strategic offensive arms. Both
sides recognize that the initial agreements would be steps toward the achievement of
more complete limitations on strategic arms. If an agreement providing for more
complete strategic offensive arms limitations were not achieved within five years,
U.S. supreme interests could be jeopardized. Should that occur, it would constitute a
basis for withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. The U.S. does not wish to see such a
situation occur, nor do we believe that the USSR does. It is because we wish to
prevent such a situation that we emphasize the importance the U.S. Government
attaches to achievement of more complete limitations on strategic offensive arms.
The U.S. Executive will inform the Congress, in connection with Congressional
consideration of the ABM Treaty and the Interim Agreement, of this statement of the
U.S. position.
B. Land-Mobile ICBM Launchers
The U.S. Delegation made the following statement on May 20, 1972:
In connection with the important subject of land-mobile ICBM launchers, in the
interest of concluding the Interim Agreement the U.S. Delegation now withdraws its
proposal that Article I or an agreed statement explicitly prohibit the deployment of
mobile land-based ICBM launchers. I have been instructed to inform you that, while
agreeing to defer the question of limitation of operational land-mobile ICBM
launchers to the subsequent negotiations on more complete limitations on strategic
offensive arms, the U.S. would consider the deployment of operational land-mobile
ICBM launchers during the period of the Interim Agreement as inconsistent with the
objectives of that Agreement.
C. Covered Facilities
The U.S. Delegation made the following statement on May 20, 1972:
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SALT I INTERIM AGREEMENT
287
I wish to emphasize the importance that the United States attaches to the
provisions of Article V, including in particular their application to fitting out or
berthing submarines.
D. "Heavy" ICBM's
The U.S. Delegation made the following statement on May 26, 1972:
The U.S. Delegation regrets that the Soviet Delegation has not been willing to
agree on a common definition of a heavy missile. Under these circumstances, the
U.S. Delegation believes it necessary to state the following: The United States would
consider any ICBM having a volume significantly greater than that of the largest light
ICBM now operational on either side to be a heavy ICBM. The U.S. proceeds on the
premise that the Soviet side will give due account to this consideration.
(b) The following noteworthy unilateral statement was made by the Delegation of
the U.S.S.R. and is shown here with the U.S. reply:
On May 17, 1972, Minister Semenov made the following unilateral "Statement of the
Soviet Side":
Taking into account that modern ballistic missile submarines are presently in the
possession of not only the U.S., but also of its NATO allies, the Soviet Union agrees
that for the period of effectiveness of the Interim 'Freeze' agreement the U.S. and its
NATO allies have up to 50 such submarines with a total of up to 800 ballistic missile
launchers thereon (including 41 U.S. submarines with 656 ballistic missile
launchers). However, if during the period of effectiveness of the Agreement U.S.
allies in NATO should increase the number of their modern submarines to exceed the
numbers of submarines they would have operational or under construction on the
date of signature of the Agreement, the Soviet Union will have the right to a
corresponding increase in the number of its submarines. In the opinion of the Soviet
side, the solution of the question of modern ballistic missile submarines provided for
in the Interim Agreement only partially compensates for the strategic imbalance in
the deployment of the nuclear-powered missile submarines of the USSR and the U.S.
Therefore, the Soviet side believes that this whole question, and above all the
question of liquidating the American missile submarine bases outside the U.S., will
be appropriately resolved in the course of follow-on negotiations.
On May 24, Ambassador Smith made the following reply to Minister Semenov:
The United States side has studied the "statement made by the Soviet side" of May
17 concerning compensation for submarine basing and SLBM submarines
belonging to third countries. The United States does not accept the validity of the
considerations in that statement.
On May 26 Minister Semenov repeated the unilateral statement made on May 17.
Ambassador Smith also repeated the U.S. rejection on May 26.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
ballistic missile
