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Appendix F
Treaty Between the United
States of America and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics on
Underground Nuclear
Explosions for Peaceful
Purposes
345
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Treaty Between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground
Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes
Signed at Washington and Moscow May 28, 1976
The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, herein-
after referred to as the Parties,
Proceeding from a desire to implement Article lil of the Treaty between the United
States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of
Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, which calls for the earliest possible conclusion
of an agreement on underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes,
Reaffirming their adherence to the objectives and principles of the Treaty Banning
Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, the Treaty
on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and the Treaty on the Limitation of
Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, and their determination to observe strictly the
provisions of these international agreements,
Desiring to assure that underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes shall
not be used for purposes related to nuclear weapons,
Desiring that utilization of nuclear energy be directed only toward peaceful
purposes,
Desiring to develop appropriately cooperation in the field of underground nuclear
explosions for peaceful purposes,
Have agreed as fol lows:
Article I
1. The Parties enter into this Treaty to satisfy the obligations in Article lil of the
Treaty on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, and assume
additional obligations in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
2. This Treaty shall govern all underground nuclear explosions for peaceful
purposes conducted by the Parties after March 31, 1976.
Article II
For the purposes of this Treaty:
(a) "explosion" means any individual orgroup underground nuclearexplosion for
peaceful purposes;
(b) "explosive" means any device, mechanism or system for producing an
individual explosion;
(c) "group explosion" means two or more individual explosionsforwhich the time
interval between successive individual explosions does not exceed five seconds and
for which the emplacement points of all explosives can be interconnected by straight
line segments, each of which joins two emplacement points and each of which does
not exceed 40 kilometers.
346
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
Article l l l
347
1. Each Party, subject to the obligations assumed under this Treaty and other inter-
national agreements, reserves the right to:
(a) carry out explosions at any place under its jurisdiction or control outside the
geographical boundaries of test sites specified under the provisions of the Treaty on
the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests; and
(b) carry out, participate or assist in carrying out explosions in the territory of
another State at the request of such other State.
2. Each Party undertakes to prohibit, to prevent and not to carry out at any place
under its jurisdiction or control, and further undertakes not to carry out, participate or
assist in carrying out anywhere:
(a) any individual explosion having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons;
(b) any group explosion:
(1 ) having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons except in ways that will
permit identification of each individual explosion and determination of the yield of
each individual explosion in the group in accordance with the provisions of Article IV
of and the Protocol to this Treaty;
(2) having an aggregate yield exceeding one and one-half megatons;
(c) any explosion which does not carry out a peaceful application;
(d) any explosion except in compliance with the provisions of the Treaty Banning
Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and other international agree-
ments entered into by that Party.
3. The question of carrying out any individual explosion having a yield exceeding
the yield specified in paragraph 2(a) of this article will be considered by the Parties at
an appropriate time to be agreed.
Article IV
1. For the purpose of providing assurance of compliance with the provisions of this
Treaty, each Party shall:
(a) use national technical means of verification at its disposal in a manner con-
sistent with generally recognized principles of international law; and
(b) provide to the other Party information and access to sites of explosions and
furnish assistance in accordance with the provisions set forth in the Protocol to this
Treaty.
2. Each Party undertakes not to interfere with the national technical means of verifi-
cation of the other Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 (a) of this article, or
with the implementation of the provisions of paragraph 1 (b) of this article.
Article V
1. To promote the objectives and implementation of the provisions of this Treaty, the
Parties shall establish promptly a Joint Consultative Commission within the frame-
work of which they will:
(a) consult with each other, make inquiries and furnish information in response to
such inquiries, to assure confidence in compliance with the obligations assumed;
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348
APPENDIX F
(b) consider questions concerning compliance with the obligations assumed and
related situations which may be considered ambiguous;
(c) consider questions involving unintended interference with the means for
assuring compliance with the provisions of this Treaty;
(d) consider changes in technology or other new circumstances which have a
bearing on the provisions of this Treaty; and
(e) consider possible amendments to provisions governing underground nuclear
explosions for peaceful purposes.
2. The Parties through consultation shall establish, and may amend as appropriate,
Regulations for the Joint Consultative Commission governing procedures, composi-
tion and other relevant matters.
Article Vl
1. The Parties will develop cooperation on the basis of mutual benefit, equality, and
reciprocity in various areas related to carrying out underground nuclear explosions for
peaceful purposes.
2. The Joint Consultative Commission will facilitate this cooperation by considering
specific areas and forms of cooperation which shall be determined by agreement
between the Parties in accordance with their constitutional procedures.
3. The Parties will appropriately inform the International Atomic Energy Agency of
results of their cooperation in the field of underground nuclearexplosions for peaceful
purposes.
Article V11
1. Each Party shall continue to promote the development of the international agree-
ment or agreements and procedures provided for in Article V of the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and shall provide appropriate assistance to the
International Atomic Energy Agency in this regard.
2. Each Party undertakes not to carry out, participate or assist in the carrying out of
any explosion in the territory of another State unless that State agrees to the imple-
mentation in its territory of the international observation and procedures contemplated
by Article V of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the provi-
sions of Article IV of and the Protocol to this Treaty, including the provision by that
State of the assistance necessary for such implementation and of the privileges and
immunities specified in the Protocol.
Article V111
1. This Treaty shall remain in force for a period of five years, and it shall be extended
for successive five-year periods unless either Party notifies the other of its termination
no later than six months prior to its expiration. Before the expiration of this period the
Parties may, as necessary, hold consultations to consider the situation relevant to the
substance of this Treaty. However, under no circumstances shall either Party be en-
titled to terminate this Treaty while the Treaty on the Limitation of Underground
Nuclear Weapon Tests remains in force.
2. Termination of the Treaty on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon
Tests shall entitle either Party to withdraw from this Treaty at any time.
3. Each Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. Amendments shall enter into
force on the day of the exchange of instruments of ratification of such amendments.
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
349
Article IX
1. This Treaty including the Protocol which forms an integral part hereof, shall be
subject to ratification in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party.
This Treaty shall enter into force on the day of the exchange of instruments of ratifica-
tion which exchange shall take place simultaneously with the exchange of instruments
of ratification of the Treaty on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests.
2. This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
DONE at Washington and Moscow, on May 28, 1976, in duplicate, in the English and
Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic.
For the United States of America:
GERALD R. FORD,
The President of the United States of America.
For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
L. BREZHNEV,
(general Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
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Protocol to the Treaty Between the United States of
America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on
Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes
The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, herein-
after referred to as the Parties,
Having agreed to the provisions in the Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions
for Peaceful Purposes, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
1. No individual explosion shall take place at a distance, in meters, from the ground
surface which is less than 30 times the 3.4 root of its planned yield in kilotons.
2. Any group explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 500 kilotons shall
not include more than five individual explosions, each of which has a planned yield not
exceeding 50 kilotons.
Article 11
1. For each explosion, the Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other
Party:
(a) not later than 90 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives
when the planned aggregate yield of the explosion does not exceed 100 kilotons, or
not later than 180 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives when
the planned aggregate yield of the explosion exceeds 100 kilotons, with the following
information to the extent and degree of precision available when it is conveyed:
(1) the purpose of the planned explosion;
(2) the location of the explosion expressed in geographical coordinates with
a precision of four or less kilometers, planned date and aggregate yield of the
explosion;
(3) the type or types of rock in which the explosion will be carried out, includ-
ing the degree of liquid saturation of the rock at the point of emplacement of each
explosive; and
(4) a description of specific technological features of the project, of which the
explosion is a part, that could influence the determination of its yield and confirma-
tion of purpose; and
(b) not later than 60 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives
the information specified in subparagraph 1 (a) of this article to the full extent and
with the precision indicated in that subparagraph.
2. For each explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 50 kilotons, the
Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other Party, not later than 60 days
before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives, with the following information:
350
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
351
(a) the number of explosives, the planned yield of each explosive, the location of
each explosive to be used in a group explosion relative to all other explosives in the
group with a precision of 100 or less meters, the depth of emplacementof each explo-
sive with a precision of one meter and the time intervals between individual explo-
sions in any group explosion with a precision of one-tenth second; and
(b) a description of specific features of geological structure or other local condi-
tions that could influence the determination of the yield.
3. For each explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 75 kilotons, the Party
carrying out the explosion shall provide the other Party, not later than 60 days before
the beginning of emplacement of the explosives, with a description of the geological
and geophysical characteristics of the site of each explosion which could influence
determination of the yield, which shall include: the depth of the water table; a strati-
graphic column above each emplacement point; the position of each emplacement
point relative to nearby geological and other features which influenced the design of
the project of which the explosion is a part; and the physical parameters of the rock,
including density, seismic velocity, porosity, degree of liquid saturation, and rock
strength, within the sphere centered on each emplacement point and having a radius,
in meters, equal to 30 times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of the explo-
sive emplaced at that point.
4. For each explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 100 kilotons, the
Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other Party, not later than 60 days
before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives, with:
(a) information on locations and purposes of facilities and installations which are
associated with the conduct of the explosion;
(b) information regarding the planned date of the beginning of emplacement of
each explosive; and
(c) a topographic plan in local coordinates of the areas specified in paragraph 7
of Article IV, at a scale of 1: 24,000 or 1: 25,000 with a contour interval of 10 meters or
less.
5. For application of an explosion to alleviate the consequences of an emergency
situation involving an unforeseen combination of circumstances which calls for imme-
diate action for which it would not be practicable to observe the timing requirements of
paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this article, the following conditions shall be met:
(a) the Party deciding to carry out an explosion for such purposes shall inform the
other Party of that decision immediately after it has been made and describe such
circumstances;
(b) the planned aggregate yield of an explosion for such purpose shall not exceed
100 kilotons; and
(c) the Party carrying out an explosion for such purpose shall provide to the other
Party the information specified in paragraph 1 of this article, and the information
specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article if applicable, after the decision to
conduct the explosion is taken, but not later than 30 days before the beginning of
emplacement of the explosives.
6. For each explosion, the Party carrying out the explosion shall inform the other
Party, not later than two days before the explosion, of the planned time of detonation of
each explosive with a precision of one second.
7. Prior to the explosion, the Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other
Party with timely notification of changes in the information provided in accordance
with this article.
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APPENDIX F
8. The explosion shall not be carried out earlier than 90 days after notification of any
change in the information provided in accordance with this article which requires more
extensive verification procedures than those required on the basis of the original infor-
mation, unless an earlier time for carrying out the explosion is agreed between the
Parties.
9. Not later than 90 days after each explosion the Party carrying out the explosion
shall provide the other Party with the following information:
(a) the actual time of the explosion with a precision of one-tenth second and its
aggregate yield;
\_, ,, _ .. _ ,._ == ~ ,
_
the when the nl~nn~d aggregate yield of a group explosion exceeds 50 kilotons.
the actual time of the first individual explosion with a precision of one-tenth second,
the time interval between individual explosions with a precision of one milk-second
and the yield of each individual explosion; and
(c) confirmation of other information provided in accordance with paragraphs 1,
2, 3 and 4 of this article and explanation of any changes or corrections based on the
results of the explosion.
· 10. At any time, but not later than one year after the explosion, the other Party may
request the Party carrying out the explosion to clarify any item of the information pro-
vided in accordance with this article. Such clarification shall be provided as soon as
practicable, but not later than 30 days after the request is made.
Article l l l
1. For the purposes of this Protocol:
(a) "designated personnel" means those nationals of the other Party identified to
the Party carrying out an explosion as the persons who will exercise the rights and
functions provided for in the Treaty and this Protocol; and
(b) "emplacement hole" means the entire interior of any drill-hole, shaft, edit or
tunnel in which an explosive and associated cables and other equipment are to be
installed.
2. For any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 100 kilotons but not
exceeding 150 kilotons if the Parties, in consultation based on information provided in
accordance with Article II and other information that may be introduced by either
Party, deem it appropriate for the confirmation of the yield of the explosion, and for
any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons, the Party carry-
ing out the explosion shall allow designated personnel within the areas and et the loca-
tions described in Article V to exercise the following rights and functions:
(a) confirmation that the local circumstances, including facilities and
installations associated with the project, are consistent with the stated peaceful
purposes;
(b) confirmation of the validity of the geological and geophysical information
provided in accordance with Article II through the following procedures:
(1 ) examination by designated personnel of research and measurement data
of the Party carrying out the explosion and of rock core or rock fragments removed
from each emplacement hole, and of any logs and drill core from existing exploratory
holes which shall be provided to designated personnel upontheirarrivalatthesiteof
the explosion;
(2) examination by designated personnel of rock core or rock fragments as
they become available in accordance with the procedures specified in subparagraph
2(b) (3) of this article; and
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
353
(3) observation by designated personnel of implementation by the Party
carrying out the explosion of one of the following four procedures, unless this right is
waived by the other Party:
(i) construction of that portion of each emplacement hole starting from a
point nearest the entrance of the emplacement hole which is at a distance, in meters,
from the nearest emplacement point equal to 30 times the cube root of the planned
yield in kilotons of the explosive to be emplaced at that point and continuing to the
completion of the emplacement hole; or
(ii) construction of that portion of each emplacement hole starting from a
point nearest the entrance of the emplacement hole which is at a distance, in meters,
from the nearest emplacement point equal to six times the cube root oaths planned
yield in kilotons of the explosive to be emplaced at that point and continuing to the
completion of the emplacement hole as well as the removal of rock core or rock
fragments from the wall of an existing exploratory hole, which is substantially paral-
lel with and at no point more than 100 meters from the emplacement hole, at
locations specified by designated personnel which lie within a distance, in meters,
from the same horizon as each emplacement point of 30 times the cube root of the
planned yield in kilotons of the explosive to be emplaced at that point; or
(iii) removal of rock core or rock fragments from the wall of each
emplacement hole at locations specified by designated personnel which lie within a
distance, in meters, from each emplacement point of 30 times the cube root of the
planned yield in kilotons of the explosive to be emplaced at each such point; or
(iv) construction of one or more new exploratory holes so that for each
emplacement hole there will be a new exploratory hole to the same depth as that of
the emplacement of the explosive, substantially parallel with and at no point more
than 100 meters from each emplacement hole, from which rock cores would be
removed at locations specified by designated personnel which lie within a distance,
in meters, from the same horizon as each emplacement point of 30 times the cube
root of the planned yield in kilotons of the explosive to be emplaced at each such
point:
(c) observation of the emplacement of each explosive, confirmation of the depth
of its emplacement and observation of the stemming of each emplacement hole;
(d) unobstructed visual observation of the area of the entrance to each emplace-
ment hole at any time from the time of emplacement of each explosive until all per-
sonnel have been withdrawn from the site for the detonation of the explosion; and
(e) observation of each explosion.
3. Designated personnel, using equipment provided in accordance with paragraph 1
of Article IV, shall have the right, for any explosion with a planned aggregate yield
exceeding 150 kilotons, to determine the yield of each individual explosion in a group
explosion in accordance with the provisions of Article Vl.
4. Designated personnel, when using theirequipment in accordance with paragraph
1 of Article IV, shall have the right, for any explosion with planned aggregate yield
exceeding 500 kilotons, to emplace, install and operate underthe observation and with
the assistance of personnel of the Party carrying out the explosion, if such assistance is
requested by designated personnel, a local seismic network in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph 7 of Article IV. Radio links may be used forthetransmission of
data and control signals between the seismic stations and the control center. Frequen-
cies, maximum power output of radio transmitters, directivity of antennas and times of
operation of the local seismic network radio transmitters before the explosion shall be
agreed between the Parties in accordance with Article X and time of operation afterthe
explosion shall conform to the time specified in paragraph 7 of Article IV.
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APPENDIX F
5. Designated personnel shall have the right to:
(a) acquire photographs under the following conditions:
(1 ) the Party carrying out the explosion shall identify to the other Party those
personnel of the Party carrying out the explosion who shall take photographs as
requested by designated personnel;
(2) photographs shall be taken by personnel of the Party carrying out the
explosion in the presence of designated personnel and at the time requested by
designated personnel for taking such photographs. Designated personnel shall
determine whether these photographs are in conformity with their requests and, if
not, additional photographs shall be taken immediately;
(3) photographs shall be taken with cameras provided by the other Party
having built-in, rapid developing capability and a copy of each photograph shall be
provided at the completion of the development process to both Parties;
(4) cameras provided by designated personnel shall be kept in agreed secure
storage when not in use; and
(5) the request for photographs can be made, at any time, of the following:
hole; and
(i) exterior views of facilities and installations associated with the
conduct of the explosion as described in subparagraph 4(a) of Article Il;
(ii) geological samples used for confirmation of geological and geo-
physical information, as provided for in subparagraph 2(b) of this article and the
equipment utilized in the acquisition of such samples;
(iii) emplacement and installation of equipment and associated cables
used by designated personnel for yield determination;
(iv) emplacement and installation of the local seismic network used by
designated personnel;
(v) emplacement of the explosives and the stemming of the emplacement
(vi) containers, facilities and installations for storage and operation of
equipment used by designated personnel;
(b) photographs of visual displays and records produced by the equipment used
by designated personnel and photographs within the control centers taken by
cameras which are component parts of such equipment; and
(c) receive at the request of designated personnel and with the agreement of the
Party carrying out the explosion supplementary photographs taken by the Party
carrying out the explosion.
Article IV
1. Designated personnel in exercising their rights and functions may choose to use
the following equipment of either Party, of which choice the Party carrying out the
explosion shall be informed not later than 150 days before the beginning of emplace-
men-t of the explosives:
(a) electrical equipment for yield determination and equipment for a local seismic
network as described in paragraphs 3, 4 and 7 of this article; and
(b) geologist's field tools and kits and equipment for recording of field notes.
2. Designated personnel shall have the right in exercising their rights and functions
to utilize the following additional equipment which shall be provided by the Party
carrying out the explosion, under procedures to be established in accordance with
Article X to ensure that the equipment meets the specifications of the other Party:
portable short-range communication equipment, field glasses, optical equipment for
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
355
surveying and other items which may be specified by the other Party. A description of
such equipment and operating instructions shall be provided to the other Party not
later than 90 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives in connection
with which such equipment is to be used.
3. A complete set of electrical equipment for yield determination shall consist of:
(a) sensing elements and associated cables for transmission of electrical power,
control signals and data;
(b) equipment of the control center, electrical power supplies and cables for
transmission of electrical power, control signals and data; and
(c) measuring and calibration instruments, maintenance equipment and spare
parts necessary for ensuring the functioning of sensing elements, cables and
equipment of the control center.
4. A complete set of equipment for the local seismic network shall consist of:
(a) seismic stations each of which contains a seismic instrument, electrical power
supply and associated cables and radio equipment for receiving and transmission of
control signals and data or equipment for recording control signals and data;
(b) equipment of the control center and electrical power supplies; and
(c) measuring and calibration instruments, maintenance equipment and spare
parts necessary for ensuring the functioning of the complete network.
5. In case designated personnel, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article,
choose to use equipment of the Party carrying out the explosion for yield determina-
tion or for a local seismic network, a description of such equipment and installation and
operating instructions shall be provided to the other Party not laterthan 90 days before
the beginning of emplacement of the explosives in connection with which such equip-
ment is to be used. Personnel of the Party carrying out the explosion shall emplace,
install and operate the equipment in the presence of designated personnel. After the
explosion, designated personnel shall receive duplicate copies of the recorded data.
Equipment for yield determination shall be emplaced in accordance with Article Vl.
Equipment for a local seismic network shall be emplaced in accordance with para-
graph 7 of this article.
6. In case designated personnel, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article,
choose to use their own equ ipment for yield determination and thei r own equipment for
a local seismic network, the following procedures shall apply:
(a) the Party carrying out the explosion shall be provided by the other Party with
the equipment and information specified in subparagraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this
paragraph not later than 150 days prior to the beginning of emplacement of the
explosives in connection with which such equipment is to be used in order to permit
the Party carrying out the explosion to familiarize itself with such equipment, if such
equipment and information has not been previously provided, which equipment shall
be returned to the other Party not later than 90 days before the beginn ing of emplace-
ment of the explosives. The equipment and information to be provided are:
(1) one complete set of electrical equipment for yield determination as de-
scribed in paragraph 3 of this aritcle, electrical and mechanical design information,
specifications and installation and operating instructions concerning this equip-
ment; and
(2) one complete set of equipment for the local seismic network described in
paragraph 4 of this article, including one seismic station, electrical and mechanical
design information, specifications and installation and operating instructions con-
cerning this equipment;
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APPENDIX I'
(b) not later than 35 days prior to the beginning of emplacement of the explosives
in connection with which the following equipment is to be used, two complete sets of
electrical equipment for yield determination as described in paragraph 3 of this
article and specific installation instructions for the emplacement of the sensing
elements based on information provided in accordance with subparagraph 2(a) of
Article Vl and two complete sets of equipment for the local seismic network as
described in paragraph 4 of this article, which sets of equipment shall have the same
components and technical characteristics as the corresponding equipment speci-
fied in subparagraph 6(a) of this article, shall be delivered in sealed containers to the
port of entry;
(c) The Party carrying out the explosion shall choose one of each of the two sets
of equipment described above which shall be used by designated personnel in
connection with the explosions;
(d) the set or sets of equipment not chosen for use in connection with the explo-
sion shall be at the disposal of the Party carrying out the explosion for a period that
may be as long as 30 days after the explosion at which time such equipment shall be
returned to the other Party;
(e) the set or sets of equipment chosen for use shall be transported by the Party
carrying out the explosion in the sealed containers in which this equipment arrived,
after seals of the Party carrying out the explosion have been affixed to them, to the
site of the explosion, so that this equipment is delivered to designated personnel for
emplacement, installation and operation not later than 20 days before the beginning
of emplacement of the explosives. This equipment shall remain in the custody of
designated personnel in accordance with paragraph 7 of Article V or in agreed
secure storage. Personnel of the Party carrying out the explosion shall have the right
to observe the use of this equipment by designated personnel during the time the
equipment is at the site of the explosion. Before the beginning of emplacement of the
explosives, designated personnel shall demonstrate to personnel of the Party carry-
ing out the explosion that this equipment is in working order;
(f) each set of equipment shall include two sets of components for recording data
and associated calibration equipment. Both of these sets of components in the
equipment chosen for use shall simultaneously record data. Afterthe explosion, and
after duplicate copies of all data have been obtained by designated personnel and
the Party carrying out the explosion, one of each of the two sets of components for
recording data and associated calibration equipment shall be selected, by an agreed
process of chance, to be retained by designated personnel. Designated personnel
shall pack and seal such components for recording data and associated calibration
equipment which shall accompany them from the site of the explosion to the port of
exit; and
(9) all remaining equipment may be retained by the Party carrying out the explo-
sion for a period that may be as long as 30 days, after which time this equipment shall
be returned to the other Party.
7. For any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 500 kilotons, a local
seismic network, the number of stations of which shall be determined by designated
personnel but shall not exceed the number of explosives in the group plus five, shall be
emplaced, installed and operated at agreed sites of emplacement within an area cir-
cumscribed by circles of 15 kilometers in radius centered on points on the surface of
the earth above the points of emplacement of the explosives during a period beginning
not later than 20 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives and
continuing after the explosion not later than three days unless otherwise agreed be-
tween the Parties.
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
357
8. The Party carrying out the explosion shall have the right to examine in the pres-
ence of designated personnel all equipment, instruments and tools of designated
personnel specified in subparagraph 1(b) of this article.
9. The Joint Consultative Commission will consider proposals that either Party may
put forward for the joint development of standardized equipment for verification
purposes.
Article V
1. Except as limited by the provisions of paragraph 5 of this article, designated
personnel in the exercise of their rights and functions shall have access along agreed
routes:
(a) for an explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 100 kilotons in
accordance with paragraph 2 of Article lil:
(1 ) to the locations of facilities and installations associated with the conduct
of the explosion provided in accordance with subparagraph 4(a) of Article Il; and
(2) to the locations of activities described in paragraph 2 of Article lil; and
(b) for any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons, in
addition to the access described in subparagraph 1 (a) of this article:
(1) to other locations within the area circumscribed by circles of 10 kilo-
meters in radius centered on points on the surface of the earth above the points of
emplacement of the explosives in order to confirm that the local circumstances are
consistent with the stated peaceful purposes;
(2) to the locations of the components of the electrical equipment for yield
determination to be used for recording data when, by agreement between the
Parties, such equipment is located outside the area described in subparagraph
1(b)(1) of this article; and
(3) to the sites of emplacement of the equipment of the local seismic network
provided for in paragraph 7 of Article IV.
2. The Party carrying out the explosion shall notify the other Party of the procedure it
has chosen from among those specified in subparagraph 2(b)(3) of Article lil not later
than 30 days before beginning the implementation of such procedure. Designated
personnel shall have the right to be present at the site of the explosion to exercise their
rights and functions in the areas and at the locations described in paragraph 1 of this
article for a period of time beginning two days beforethe beginning of the implementa-
tion of the procedure and continuing for a period of three days after the completion of
this procedure.
3. Except as specified in paragraph 5 of this article, designated personnel shall have
the right to be present in the areas and at the locations described in paragraph 1 of this
article:
(a) for an explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 100 kilotons but
not exceeding 150 kilotons, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article lil, atanytime
beginning five days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives and
continuing after the explosion and after safe access to evacuated areas has been
established according to standards determined by the Party carrying out the explo-
sion for a period of two days; and
(b) for any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons, at
any time beginning 20 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives
and continuing after the explosion and after safe access to evacuated areas has been
established according to standards determined by the Party carrying out the explo-
sion for a period of:
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APPENDIX F
(1 ) five days in the case of an explosion with a planned aggregate yield ex-
ceeding 150 kilotons but not exceeding 500 kilotons; or
(2) eight days in the case of an explosion with a planned aggregate yield
exceeding 500 kilotons.
4. Designated personnel shall not have the right to be present in those areas from
which all personnel have been evacuated in connection with carrying out an explosion,
but shall have the rigm to re-enter those areas at the same time as personnel of the
Party carrying out the explosion.
5. Designated personnel shall not have or seek access by physical, visual or techni-
cal means to the interior of the canister containing an explosive, to documentary or
other information descriptive of the design of an explosive nor to equipment for control
and firing of explosives. The Party carrying out the explosion shall not locate docu-
mentary or other information descriptive of the design of an explosive in such ways as
to impede the designated personnel in the exercise of their rights and functions.
6. The number of designated personnel present at the site of an explosion shall not
exceed:
(a) for the exercise of their rights and functions in connection with the confirma-
tion of the geological and geophysical information in accordance with the provisions
of subparagraph 2(b) and applicable provisions of paragraph 5 of Article lil—the
number of emplacement holes plus three;
(b) for the exercise of their rights and functions in connection with confirming
that the local circumstances are consistent with the information provided and with
the stated peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions in subparagraphs
2(a), 2(c), 2(d) and 2(e) and applicable provisions of paragraph 5 of Article lil—the
number of explosives plus two;
(c) for the exercise of their rights and functions in connection with confirming
that the local circumstances are consistent with the information provided and with
the stated peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions in subparagraphs
2(a), 2(c), 2(d) and 2(e) and applicable provisions of paragraph 5 of Article lil and in
connection with the use of electrical equipment for determination of the yield in
accordance with paragraph 3Of Article lil—the numberof explosives plusseven; and
(d) for the exercise of their rights and functions in connection with confirming
that the local circumstances are consistent with the information provided and with
the stated peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions in subparagraph
2(a), 2(c), 2(d) and 2(e) and applicable provisions of paragraph 5 of Article lil and in
connection with the use of electrical equipment for determination of the yield in
accordance with paragraph 3 of Article lil and with the use of the local seismic
network in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article l l l—the number of explosives plus
10.
7. The Party carrying out the explosion shall have the right to assign its personnel to
accompany designated personnel while the latter exercise their rights and functions.
8. The Party carrying out an explosion shall assure for designated personnel tele-
communications with their authorities, transportation and other services appropriate
to their presence and to the exercise of their rights and functions at the site of the
explosion.
9. The expenses incurred for the transportation of designated personnel and their
equipment to and from the site of the explosion, telecommunications provided for in
paragraph 8 of this article, their living and working quarters, subsistence and all other
personal expenses shall be the responsibility of the Party other than the Party carrying
out the explosion.
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
359
10. Designated personnel shall consult with the Party carrying out the explosion in
order to coordinate the planned program and schedule of activities of designated
personnel with the program of the Party carrying out the explosion for the conduct of
the project so as to ensure that designated personnel are able to conduct their activities
in an orderly and timely way that is compatible with the implementation of the project.
Procedures for such consultations shall be established in accordance with Article X.
Article Vl
For any explosion with a planned aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons, determina-
tion of the yield of each explosive used shall be carried out in accordance with the
following provisions:
1. Determination of the yield of each individual explosion in the group shall be based
on measurements of the velocity of propagation, as a function of time, of the hydro-
dynamic shock wave generated by the explosion, taken by means of electrical equip-
ment described in paragraph 3 of Article IV.
2. The Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other Party with the follow-
ing information:
(a) not later than 60 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives,
the length of each canister in which the explosive will be contained in the corre-
sponding emplacement hole, the dimensions of the tube or other device used to
emplace the canister and the cross-sectional dimensions of the emplacement hole to
a distance, in meters, from the emplacement point of 10 times the cube root of its
yield in kilotons;
(b) not later than 60 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explo-
sives, a description of materials, including their densities, to be used to stem each
emplacement hole; and
(c) not later than 30 days before the beginning of emplacement of the explosives,
for each emplacement hole of a group explosion, the local coordinates of the point of
emplacement of the explosive, the entrance of the emplacement hole, the point of the
emplacement hole most distant from the entrance, the location of the emplacement
hole at each 200 meters distance from the entrance and the configuration of any
known voids larger than one cubic meter located within the distance, in meters, of 10
times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons measured from the bottom of the
canister containing the explosive. The error in these coordinates shall not exceed
one percent of the distance between the emplacement hole and the nearest other
emplacement hole or one percent of the distance between the point of measurement
and the entrance of the emplacement hole, whichever is smaller, but in no case shall
the error be required to be less than one meter.
3. The Party carrying out the explosion shall emplace for each explosive that portion
of the electrical equipment for yield determination described in subparagraph 3(a) of
Article IV, supplied in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article IV, in the same emplace-
ment hole as the explosive in accordance with the installation instructions supplied
under the provisions of paragraph 5 or 6 of Article IV. Such emplacement shall be
carried out under the observation of designated personnel. Otherequipment specified
in subparagraph 3(b) of Article IV shall be emplaced and installed:
(a) by designated personnel under the observation and with the assistance of
personnel of the Party carrying out the explosion, if such assistance is requested by
designated personnel; or
(b) in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article IV.
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APPENDIX F
4. That portion of the electrical equipment for yield determination described in
subparagraph 3(a) of Article IV that is to be emplaced in each emplacement hole shall
be located so that the end of the electrical equipment which is farthest from the
entrance to the emplacement hole is at a distance, in meters, from the bottom of the
canister containing the explosive equal to 3.5 times the cube root of the planned yield in
kilotons of the explosive when the planned yield is less than 20 kilotons and three times
the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of the explosive when the planned yield is
20 kilotons or more. Canisters longer than 10 meters containing the explosive shall
only be utilized if there is prior agreement between the Parties establishing provisions
for their use. The Party carrying out the explosion shall provide the other Party with
data on the distribution of density inside any other canister in the emplacement hole
with a transverse cross-sectional area exceeding 10 square centimeters located within
a distance, in meters, of 10 times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of the
explosion from the bottom of the canister containing the explosive. The Party carrying
out the explosion shall provide the other Party with access to confirm such data on
density distribution within any such canister.
5. The Party carrying out an explosion shall fill each emplacement hole, including all
pipes and tubes contained therein which have at any transverse section an aggregate
cross-sectional area exceeding 10 square centimeters in the region containing the
electrical equipment for yield determination and to a distance, in meters, of six times
the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of the explosive from the explosive
emplacement point, with material having a density not less than seven-tenths of the
average density of the surrounding rock, and from that point to a distance of not less
than 60 meters from the explosive emplacement point with material having a density
greater than one gram per cubic centimeter.
6. Designated personnel shall have the right to:
(a) confirm information provided in accordance with subparagraph 2(a) of this
article;
(b) confirm information provided in accordance with subparagraph 2(b) of this
article and be provided, upon request, with a sample of each batch of stemming
material as that material is put into the emplacement hole; and
(c) confirm the information provided in accordance with subparagraph 2(c) of
this article by having access to the data acquired and by observing, upon their
request, the making of measurements.
7. For those explosives which are emplaced in separate holes, the emplacement
shall be such that the distance D, in meters, between any explosive and any portion of
the electrical equipment for determination of the yield of any other explosive in the
group shall be not less than 10 times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of the
larger explosive of such a pair of explosives. Individual explosions shall be separated
by time intervals, in milliseconds, not greater than one-sixth the amount by which the
distance D, in meters, exceeds 10 times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of
the larger explosive of such a pair of explosives.
8. For those explosives in a group which are emplaced in a common emplacement
hole, the distance, in meters, between each explosive and any other explosive in that
emplacement hole shall be not less than 10 times the cube root of the planned yield in
kilotons of the larger explosive of such a pair of explosives, and the explosives shall be
detonated in sequential order, beginning with the explosive farthest from the entrance
to the emplacement hole, with the individual detonations separated by time intervals, in
milliseconds, of not less than one times the cube root of the planned yield in kilotons of
the largest explosive in this emplacement hole.
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS TREATY
Article Vl1
361
1. Designated personnel with their personal baggage and their equipment as pro-
vided in Article IV shall be permitted to enter the territory of the Party carrying out the
explosion at an entry port to be agreed upon by the Parties, to remain in the territory
of the Party carrying out the explosion for the purpose of fulfilling their rights and
functions provided for in the Treaty and this Protocol, and to depart from an exit port
to be agreed upon by the Parties.
2. At all times while designated personnel are in the territory of the Party carrying
out the explosion, their persons, property, personal baggage, archives and docu-
ments as well as their temporary official and living quarters shall be accorded the same
privileges and immunities as provided in Articles 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34and 36 of the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 to the persons, property, personal
baggage, archives and documents of diplomatic agents as well as to the premises of
diplomatic missions and private residences of diplomatic agents.
3. Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities it shall be the duty of
designated personnel to respect the laws and regulations of the State in whose territory
the explosion is to be carried out insofar as they do not impede in any way whatsoever
the proper exercising of their rights and functions provided for by the Treaty and this
Protocol.
Article Vl11
The Party carrying out an explosion shall have sole and exclusive control over and
full responsibility for the conduct of the explosion.
Article IX
1. Nothing in the Treaty and this Protocol shall affect proprietary rights in infor-
mation made available finder the Treaty and this Protocol and in information which
may be disclosed in preparation for and carrying out of explosions; however, claims to
such proprietary rights shall not impede implementation of the provisions of the Treaty
and this Protocol.
2. Public release of the information provided in accordance with Article II or publi-
cation of material using such information, as well as public release of the results of
observation and measurements obtained by designated personnel, may take place
only by agreement with the Party carrying out an explosion; however, the other Party
shall have the right to issue statements after the explosion that do not divulge
information in which the Party carrying out the explosion has rights which are referred
to in paragraph 1 of this article.
Article X
The Joint Consultative Commission shall establish procedures through which the
Parties will, as appropriate, consult with each other for the purpose of ensuring
efficient implementation of this Protocol.
DONE at Washington and Moscow, on May 28, 1976.
For the United States of America:
GERALD R. FORD,
The President of the United States of America.
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362
For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
L. BREZHNEV,
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
Agreed Statement
May 13, 1976
APPENDIX F
The Parties to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Pur-
poses, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty, agree that under subparagraph 2(c) of
Article 111 of the Treaty:
(a) Development testing of nuclear explosives does not constitute a "peaceful
application" and any such development tests shall be carried out only within the
boundaries of nuclear weapon test sites specified in accordance with the Treaty
between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on
the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests;
(b) Associating test facilities, instrumentation or procedures related only to
testing of nuclear weapons or their effects with any explosion carried out in
accordance with the Treaty does not constitute a "peaceful application."
Representative terms from entire chapter:
party carrying
