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Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens
TABLE 2-3 Selected Studies Used for Analysis of Health Effects and Microbial Water Quality Relationships in Recreational Waters
aControl for less than three confounders reported, or not reported at all.
bExposure not defined as head immersion, head splashing, or water ingestion.
c<1,700 bathers and 1,700 nonbathers participating in the study.
dOnly use of seasonal mean for analysis of association with outcome reported.
eExposure is white-water canoeing, considered similar to swimming, with intake likely.
SOURCE: Adapted from WHO, 1998.
Of the 37 studies evaluated by Prüss, 22 qualified for inclusion in the evaluation. Figure 2-1 presents the relationship between indicator organism density in marine water and illness risk for bathers. A similar compilation of the results for studies in fresh recreational waters is shown in Figure 2-2. Of the 22 studies selected for analysis, 17 were prospective cohort studies, 2 were retrospective
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