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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
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Index

A

Abdominal obesity, 69, 70

Academic performance, 105, 215, 252, 253

Action plan for prevention

clinical medicine approach, 107-108, 109

contexts for, 25-44

definitions and terminology, 79-83

developing recommendations, 16, 111-115, 323

energy balance, 3, 90-106

evidence-based strategies, 3, 16, 107-115, 322-323

framework, 83-85

goals, 4-5, 86-90, 115

public health approach, 108-110, 115, 127, 129

Active Living by Design, 206

Added caloric sweeteners, 31, 145-146, 290

Adolescents. See Children and adolescent obesity;

Older Children and Youth

Adopted children, studies, 93

Adults

diabetes, 68

energy balance, 90, 160

obesity, 5, 22, 43-44, 63-65, 68

overweight, 80

physical activity, 29, 35, 179

prevention goals, 88

treatment for obesity, 108

TV viewing time, 160-161

Advertising and marketing

alcoholic beverages, 175

bans and restrictions on, 174-175, 178, 268, 353, 362, 363

codes and monitoring mechanisms, 176-177

and eating behavior, 169-170, 172-173

energy density of advertised foods, 172

and energy imbalance, 172, 173, 174, 355

ethnic groups targeted by, 106

evidence of effects of, 353-354, 355

expenditures, 172

exposure time for children, 171, 174

First Amendment rights, 174-175, 353, 362

health and nutrient claims, 169-170, 176

litigation, 354

packaging, 172, 356

prevention through, 128, 268, 353, 367;

see also Public education

quantity and nature of commercials, 172

recommendations, 9, 177

research needs, 177, 268

in schools, 176, 251, 265-269

self-regulation by industry, 175, 354

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

social and public health pressures, 366

standards development, 175-176

targeting children, 106, 145, 172, 174, 355

television commercials, 8, 44, 172-173, 174, 265, 301, 302, 355

vulnerability of children to, 8, 172-173, 267-268, 302, 353-354, 355

Advertising Council, 184

Advocacy

community mobilization, 210-211

by health professionals, 223-225

media, 181, 183, 351

by parents, 300

Age

and BMI, 56-57, 63-65

and child obesity trends, 1, 63

AGRICOLA database, 339, 340

Agricultural policies, 6-7, 144-146, 148, 217

African Americans.

See also Ethnic groups;

Racial and ethnic disparities

body image dissatisfaction, 66, 104

defined, 58 n.4

diabetes, 68

interventions for, 200, 274

obesity trends, 60, 105

targeted marketing of foods to, 106

Alabama, 61

Alaska, 61

Alcohol prevention analogies, 175, 352, 354, 366

America on the Move initiative, 141

American Academy of Family Physicians, 224

American Academy of Pediatrics, 174, 224, 253, 290, 358

American Cancer Society, 201

American Council on Food and Nutrition, 367 n.6

American Federation of School Teachers, 265

American Indians.

See also Ethnic groups;

Racial and ethnic disparities

body image dissatisfaction, 66, 104

defined, 58 n.4

diabetes, 68

obesity trends, 60, 105

school-based dietary interventions, 245, 246, 247-248

American Medical Association, 224

American Planning Association, 210, 218

American Psychological Association, 265, 371

PsychINFO database, 341

Task Force on Advertising and Children, 173-174, 355, 356

American Public Health Association, 132, 358, 359-360

American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST), 199

Americans in Motion, 224

Americans’ Use of Time Study, 29, 159

Animal studies, 94

Appetite.

See also Hunger;

Satiety regulatory systems, 95, 157

Arkansas BMI initiative, 271

Asian/Pacific Islanders.

See also Ethnic groups;

Racial and ethnic disparities

body image dissatisfaction, 104

defined, 58 n.4

diabetes, 68

obesity trends, 105

Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, 132, 218

Atherosclerosis, 69

Australia, 44, 180, 256-257

Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC), 140-141

Away-from-home foods.

See also Fast food;

Restaurant industry;

School food and beverages

consumption trends, 27-28, 30, 161, 357-358

costs and convenience, 26

defined, 331

energy density, 92, 162, 163

energy intake, 30, 158, 161

frequency of dining out, 161-162

leisure/social aspects, 28

nutrition labeling, 163-164, 165, 168, 197, 356

portion sizes, 158

B

Back to Sleep campaigns, 179

Balanced diet

benefits associated with, 97

defined, 91, 331

dietary guidelines, 96-97

ethnically appropriate foods, 144, 156

responsibility to provide, 292-293

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

Basal metabolism, 331

Behavioral research, 17, 323-324

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 29, 35, 36, 61, 160

Behavioral settings. See Community environment;

Home environment;

School environment

Better Business Bureau, 175

Beverages.

See also Food and beverage industry;

Milk and other dairy products;

School food and beverages;

Sodas and fruit drinks

consumption trends, 33

Blood pressure. See High blood pressure;

Hypertension

Blue Cross of California, 201

Body fat, 54, 80, 93, 137, 140, 334.

See also Body mass index

Body image, 66, 91-92, 100, 103-104, 199

Body mass index

age-specific trends, 56-57, 63-65, 80, 336

beverage consumption and, 293-294

calculation, 80

charts, 1 n.1, 55, 79-80, 88, 89-90

clinical screening and tracking, 221-222, 307-308

and co-morbidities, 62, 80

crossing percentiles, 89-90

defined, 79, 331-332

and diabetes, 24, 62, 68

distribution trends, 61-62, 80, 336

ethnicity and, 58-60

gender tends, 56-58

obesity definition, 1 n.1, 22, 54-55, 63

optimum population goals, 86, 88-90

overweight, 80, 336

revised growth reference, 55

school screening, 270-271, 308

socioeconomic status and, 60-61

TV viewing and, 302

Body weight

CDC guidelines for children, 89

and energy intake, 159

goals, 89-90

growth spurts and, 91, 307

as health issue, 306-308

healthy, 335

heritability, 91, 93, 94

inappropriate gain, 90

measurement, 137, 140

monitoring, 306-308

physiological regulation of, 159

survey data, 89, 137, 140

Boy Scouts, 202

Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 44, 202

Brain

regulation of energy balance, 69-70, 94, 95, 157

stress response, 70

Breastfeeding, 222, 288-290

Built environment.

See also Local

communities city planning, 210

community interventions, 203, 204-217

correlation studies, 206-208

defined, 332

designing for physical activity, 11, 12, 125, 132, 196, 204-211, 273-274

evaluation of interventions, 208-209

food access, 215-217

land development codes, 210

race/ethnicity and, 205

rating, 218

recommendations, 11, 209-211, 213-214, 220

recreational facilities, 206, 211

research needs, 208-209

safety considerations, 11, 205, 207-208, 211

schools, 213-215, 273-274

smart growth principles, 209, 210

socioeconomic status and, 205, 207

street-scale interventions, 208

transportation issues, 38, 205

walking and biking opportunities, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211-215

C

California, 71, 103-104, 180, 200, 201, 213, 214, 242, 248, 358, 359

Caloric sweeteners. See Added caloric sweeteners

Calories, defined, 332.

See also Energy expenditure;

Energy intake

Canada, 44, 68, 356

Cancer, 69, 107, 169

Carbohydrates, 34

Cardiovascular disease

food label health claims, 169

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

prevention interventions, 107, 109, 196, 200, 223, 262

risk factors, 23, 69

Center for Consumer Freedom, 367 n.6

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 346

BMI charts, 1 n.1, 55, 79-80, 88, 89-90

grants program, 132, 133

guidelines for healthy weight, 89

health curriculum recommendations, 261

Healthy Days Measures, 218

physical activity promotion, 141, 255

Project MOVE, 136-137

REACH 2010 initiative, 200

recommended role, 130-131

research funding, 135, 204

revised growth reference, 55

School Health Index, 274-275

surveillance and monitoring, 29, 37, 61, 137

tobacco prevention policies, 358

VERB campaign, 141, 182-183, 184

Check-off programs, 145

Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), 245, 246, 256, 262-263, 270

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 142, 143

Childhood and adolescent obesity.

See also Epidemic of childhood/adolescent obesity;

Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

abuse and neglect and, 287

adult obesity trends and, 63-65

age-related trends, 1, 63

and co-morbid health risks, 62, 67-69, 319

definitions, 1 n.1, 22, 56, 63, 79-81, 115, 336

food insecurity and, 215

genetics and, 65, 91, 94, 106

health care costs, 72

intergenerational transmission, 65

international dimensions, 2, 22

medical conditions and, 91

public interest, 40-43

Children and youth.

See also Infants;

Older children and youth;

Toddlers and young children

balanced diet, 91

BMI distributions, 61-62, 80, 336

diabetes, 23, 73

energy balance, 90, 97

energy expenditure, 90

energy requirements, 97, 158, 167-168

free time, 36, 38, 160

physical activity trends, 35-36, 160

purchasing influence, 172, 292, 302

Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 175-176

Cholelithiasis, 67, 72

Cholesterol, dietary, 180

Church-based interventions, 199-200

CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Heath Literature), 339, 340

Class of 1989 Study, 197

Clinical medicine.

See also Treatment of obesity

effectiveness of interventions, 365

evidence-based approach, 107-108, 109

preventive services, 221-224, 226

Clinical practice guidelines, 107

Coalition building, 7, 128, 198-199, 200, 202-203, 225-226

Cochrane Database, 339, 340

Common Sense for Consumption Act, 363

Community-based interventions.

See also Built environment;

Local communities

advocacy, 210-211

categories of, 346-349

child/youth programs, 197-198, 201-204

church-based, 199-200

coalition building, 7, 10, 11, 128, 198-199, 200, 202-203, 225-226

culturally appropriate and targeted strategies, 198, 199-201, 203

demonstration projects, 132, 200, 204, 208-209, 213

dietary changes, 196, 197

ecological framework, 196-199, 203

by employers, 195, 202

evaluation of, 11, 17, 203-204, 217-219, 325

evidence of effectiveness, 46, 196-198, 222-223, 348

food-access-related, 11, 144, 216-217, 218, 357-358

funding, 132-133, 209

guide to preventive services, 209, 348-349

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

large-scale, 196-197, 217-219, 345, 347

neighborhood associations, 210-211

nutrition education, 198, 201

physical activity, 12, 179-180, 196, 197, 201, 202, 211-215

public health preventive services, 125, 200, 346, 347, 348-349

recommendations, 10-12, 201-204, 219-221, 225

recreational programs, 202

“report cards,” 218

by youth organizations, 201

Community centers, schools as, 272-274

Community environment.

See also Built environment;

Local communities

access to food products, 144, 215-217, 357-358

health impact assessment, 217-219

Community health care

advocacy by professional organizations, 224-225

counseling by health-care professionals, 221-223

insurance coverage, 225-226

preventive services, 12, 221-225, 226, 348-349

quality-improvement programs, 226

recommendations, 12, 225, 226-227

Community Health Status Indicators Project, 218

Community Preventive Services Taskforce, 361

Co-morbidities of obesity.

See also Diabetes

BMI and, 62, 80

defined, 332

disorders, 67

economic costs, 23, 70-71

health risks of children, 62, 67-69

trends, 22, 62

Congress for the New Urbanism, 210

Consumer attitudes.

See also Public interest in obesity

trends, 40-43

Consumer information, 128, 141-142, 163

Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 97, 137, 138, 159, 163, 293

Corn subsidies, 146

Coronary artery disease, 69

Cost-reduction interventions, 46, 347, 349

Costs of childhood obesity.

See also Economic costs of obesity

health-care-related, 70-72

integrated view of, 69-70

physical health, 65, 67-69, 71, 73

social and emotional health, 22-24, 65, 66-67, 69-70, 71, 73

Counseling

by health-care professionals, 221-223

at school, 269-270

Current Population Survey, 45

D

Dairy products. See Milk and other dairy products

Deaths, 67, 68, 73

Demographic trends, 25-40

Demonstration projects, 132, 200, 204, 208-209, 213

Denmark, 287

Depression and depressive symptoms, 66, 67, 69-70, 105

Diabetes, type 1, 67 n.5

Diabetes, type 2

in adults, 68

BMI and, 24, 62, 68

in children, 23, 73

complications of, 68, 69

in ethnic minority groups, 23, 68

gestational, 65, 288

health care costs, 71-72

high-fructose corn syrup and, 146

lifetime risk, 2, 23, 67-68

prevalence, 67-68, 225

risk factors, 68

Diet.

See also Balanced diet

deaths related to, 67, 73

nutrient density, 96

Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 131

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 13, 96-97, 131, 164, 165, 239, 240, 292, 332

Dietary intake

economic environment and, 100, 101, 215-216, 358

and energy balance, 95-98, 101

health claims advertising and, 169-170

by macronutrient, 34

physiological regulation of, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

psychosocial and behavioral considerations, 95-98, 105

research challenges, 97-98

trends, 28, 30-33, 97

Dietary interventions

community-based, 196, 197

education campaigns, 180, 345

effectiveness of, 241, 244-247, 364

school based, 240-241, 244-247, 252-253, 364

self-help, 365

tobacco control interventions compared, 350-351

Dietary Reference Intakes, 168, 333

Disability, defined, 333

Disease

defined, 333

emergency response to, 133

Discrimination, 66, 67, 100, 178

Dyslipidemia, 62, 67

E

Eating behavior

in absence of hunger, 294-296, 305

advertising and, 172-173

brain’s regulation of, 69, 95, 157

breastfeeding and, 222, 288-290

“clean the plate” pressures and, 295

energy density of foods and, 156-157, 159, 291, 293

flavor preferences, 289, 291

food as reward and, 295

health-claims advertising and, 169-170

home environment and, 14-15, 287-296

introducing new foods, 291

package size and, 159

parental influence, 287-289, 305-306

portion size and, 158, 291-292, 294-296, 305

selection and availability of foods, 292-294

self-regulation, 289, 294

TV viewing during meals and, 222, 293

Eating disorders, 43, 287

Eating patterns, trends, 27-28, 30-35

Ecological systems theory model, 83-85, 115

EconLit database, 339, 340

Economic costs of obesity, 23, 70-71, 72, 225

Economic environment

and food intake, 100, 101, 215-216, 358-360

funding of school meals, 250, 252

and physical activity, 100, 102

in schools, 238, 250-252, 358, 359

taxation and pricing interventions, 44, 128, 146-147, 178, 358-360

Edible Schoolyard, 248

Education. See Public education

Electronic media.

See also Television viewing

home environment, 39-40, 303

time spent by children on, 171, 172

EMBASE (Excerpta Medica), 339, 340, 342

Employers and worksite interventions, 195, 202

Energy balance

action plan for prevention, 90-106

adults, 90, 160

body image, 103-104

in children and youth, 90, 97

central nervous system regulation of, 69-70, 94, 95, 157, 159

defined, 83 n.2, 90, 115, 333

dietary intake and, 95-98, 101

ecological systems theory model, 83-85, 115

environmental influences, 100-106

food marketing and advertising practices and, 172, 173, 174, 355

genetic variation and biological considerations, 91, 93-95, 159

physical activity and, 92, 98-99, 102

promotion, 115

psychosocial and behavioral

considerations, 69-70, 95-99

racial and ethnic disparities, 105-106

sociocultural environment and, 84-85, 91-92, 100-106

socioeconomic status, 104-105, 146-147

stigmatization considerations, 100, 103

surveys, 137

transportation patterns and, 37

TV viewing and, 301-302

Energy density of foods, 28

access and affordability issues, 216

of advertised foods, 172

of away-from-home foods, 92, 162, 163

defined, 333

and eating behavior, 156-157, 159, 291, 293

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

and energy storage, 156-157

infant response to, 290

labeling foods for, 170, 171

and satiety, 157, 159

of school foods, 240, 243

taxes on energy-dense foods, 44, 146-147

Energy expenditure

adult patterns, 160

defined, 90, 333

measurement of, 99, 332

physical activity and, 92, 99

resting metabolism and, 92 n.6

Energy imbalance, 83-85, 93

Energy intake

away-from-home foods, 30, 158, 161

body weight and, 159

defined, 91, 333

by gender, 35

measurement, 332

physiological regulation of, 289, 294

predictors of, 158-159

trends for children, 97

Energy requirements for children and adolescents, 97, 158, 167-168

Entertainment industry. See Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;

Television viewing

Environmental influences.

See also Community environment;

Home environment;

School environment

defined, 334

ecological layers, 15, 100, 101-102, 286, 320

on energy balance, 100-106

genetic interactions, 93-94

monitoring needs, 140

obesogenic, 2, 306, 320, 336

Epidemic of childhood/adolescent obesity

adult obesity epidemic and, 63-65

BMI distribution, 61-62

consumer attitudes and, 40-43

contexts for action, 25-44

costs for children and society, 22-24, 65-72

defined, 21 n.1, 55, 334

demographic trends, 1, 25-40

eating patterns and, 27-28, 30-35

in ethnic groups, 1, 26-27, 58-61

family life and, 25-26

health-care costs, 70-72

high-risk population subgroups, 58-61, 134

lifestyle trends, 25-26, 27-39

media and, 39-40

overall burden, 55-58

physical activity and, 29, 35-39

physical health implications, 22-23, 67-69

prevalence and time trends, 22, 54-65

programs and policies, 43-44

public awareness, 40-43

public health implications, 22-24

public health precedents, 21, 44-47, 343-371

regional differences, 61

social and emotional consequences, 23, 66-67

socioeconomic difference, 60-61, 104-105

ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) database, 339, 340-341

Ethnic groups.

See also Racial and ethnic disparities;

Sociocultural environment

body image perceptions, 199

definitions, 58 n.4

diabetes, 23, 68

diversity trends, 26-27

food preferences, 27, 106

genetic susceptibility to obesity, 106

high-risk groups, 58-61, 68, 199-201

interventions targeted to, 199-201, 203, 257

media education campaigns, 182-183

obesity prevalence, 1, 10, 26-27, 58-61, 94, 105-106

physical activity, 29-30, 205, 257

and protective effects of breastfeeding in, 289

regional differences, 61

socioeconomic difference, 60-61, 106, 201

targeted marketing of foods to, 106

trust issues, 106, 200

TV viewing time, 301

Evaluation of prevention interventions

BMI distribution as measure of change, 88

community-based participatory studies, 17, 203-204, 217-219, 325

demonstration projects, 132, 200, 204, 208-209, 213

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

design of studies, 304

funding for, 204, 215

health impact assessment, 217-219

intermediate goals and, 6, 17, 86-87, 323

natural experiments, 209

pilot programs, 242, 247-248, 251, 252, 274, 277

pretest/posttest design, 208

prospective approach, 217-219

Exercise.

See also Physical activity

defined, 334

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, 141, 142

F

Family Interaction, Social Capital and Trends in Time Use Data, 29, 160

Family life, trends, 25-26, 285-286

Farmers’ markets, 144, 216, 248

Fast food.

See also Restaurant industry

advertising and marketing, 302, 355

consumption trends, 162, 163, 358

defined, 334

energy density, 92, 163

litigation, 363-364

nutrient density, 162

nutrition labeling, 356

sales, 162

Fat, dietary.

See also Body fat

consumption trends, 30-31, 34, 245

food supply trends, 34, 366

saturated, 169

Fat-brain axis, 95

Federal Trade Commission, 9, 153, 174, 175, 177, 355-356

Federal Transportation Enhancements Program, 209

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS), 290, 291

Feet First, 206

Finland, 196

Fish and shellfish, 32

Fit ‘n Active Kids program, 141

Fitness.

See also Physical fitness

cardiorespiratory, 179-180

counseling, 269-270

defined, 334

Five-a-Day media campaign, 141, 180, 244

Fluoridation campaigns, 199, 350

Food and beverage industry.

See also Advertising and marketing;

Restaurant industry;

School food and beverages

check-off programs, 145

federal regulation, 361-362

liability protection, 360, 362

litigation, 362-364

motivation for change, 154, 157, 170, 366

packaging, 154, 158-159, 167, 172, 356

portion sizes, 154, 158-159

positive changes, 7, 155, 156, 266-267

product development, 154, 155-157, 170

recommendations, 8, 156, 166

sales to young consumers, 153-154, 172

self-regulation, 175-176, 366

targeted marketing of foods, 106, 145, 172

Food and Drug Administration

nutrition labeling regulation, 9, 167-171, 362

Obesity Working Group, 163

tobacco regulation, 353

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 361

Food environment

access and opportunity, 27, 100, 101, 105, 128, 144, 215-217, 292-294, 356-358

away-from-home foods, 26, 27-28, 331

built environment, 215-217

community-based interventions, 144, 216-217, 218, 357-358

and eating behavior, 292-294

economic factors and, 100, 101, 215-216, 358-360

healthy foods, 105, 144, 215-217

at home, 292-294

policy and political considerations, 100, 101, 144-146, 369

portion sizes, 27, 358, 369

rating, 218

recommendations, 217

restricting availability, 357

sociocultural considerations, 100, 101, 106

Food Guide Pyramid, 28, 164-165, 292, 334

Food insecurity, 88 n.3, 104-105, 143-144, 147, 215

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

Food insufficiency, 104-105

Food Marketing Institute, 167

Food security, 215, 334

Food service workers, 134

Food Stamp Program, 141, 142-143, 144, 216

Food supply, 34, 35, 145, 146

Food system, 145, 334

Foods.

See also specific food groups

ethnic, 156

of minimal nutritional value, 241, 335

product groups with health claims, 169

reduced-calorie products, 156

as reward and, 295

4H Clubs, 202

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 350-351, 356, 360

France, 44

Fruits and vegetables

access to fresh foods, 144, 216, 242, 251

children’s acceptance of, 291

consumption trends, 28, 32

costs, 216, 360

health benefits, 107, 169, 223

promotion, 107, 141, 180, 198, 200, 223

school offerings, 240, 242, 247-248, 251, 291

subsidies, 360

Funding

community-based interventions, 132-133, 209

for evaluation studies, 204, 215

of school meals, 250, 252

G

Gender

and BMI, 56-58

and body image dissatisfaction, 104

and energy intake, 35

and physical activity, 257-258

Genetics

and energy balance, 91, 93-95, 159

environmental interactions, 93-94

and body fatness, 93

and body weight, 91, 93, 94

and prevalence of obesity, 94

single-gene disorders, 94

susceptibility to obesity, 65, 106

Georgia, 211, 250

Germany, 44

Girl Scouts, 44, 198, 202

Girls Health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS), 200, 203

Girls on the Run, 197

Global Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 367

Glucose intolerance/insulin resistance, 67, 68, 69, 70

Go for Health, 256

Growth charts, 89 n.4.

See also Body mass index, charts

Growth spurts, 91, 307

Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People, 255

Gun control analogies, 350, 361, 362

H

Health

body weight and, 306-308

costs of obesity, 22-23, 65, 67-69, 71, 73

defined, 335

food security and, 215

impact assessments, 217-219

population, 215, 336

promotion, 100, 106, 128, 335, 359-360

report cards, 270-271

Health-care professionals

advocacy role, 223-225

obesity screening and counseling by, 10, 221-223, 272

school referrals to, 272

training, 224-225

Health-care system, 128

Health education, 106

classroom requirements and practices, 261-262

recommendations, 264-265

teacher training, 264, 265

Health insurance coverage, 60-61, 225-226, 307

Health services.

See also Community health care

costs, 70-72

school-based, 269-272

Healthful diet. See Balanced diet

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

HealthStyles Survey, 38, 211

Healthy Days Measures, 218

Healthy Eating Index (HEI), 96-97

Healthy People 2000, 156

Healthy People 2010, 129, 194, 321

Hepatic steatosis, 67

High blood pressure, 62, 69.

See also Hypertension

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 69

High fructose corn syrup, 145-146

High-risk population subgroups, 6, 58-61, 68, 134, 199-201, 322

Highway safety analogies, 44-45, 126, 128, 132, 350, 361, 366

Hispanics.

See also Ethnic groups;

Racial and ethnic disparities

body image dissatisfaction, 66, 104

energy gaps, 93

defined, 58 n.4

diabetes, 68

obesity trends, 60, 105

HIV prevention, 107

Home environment.

See also Parents;

Television viewing

and eating behavior, 14-15, 287-296

electronic media, 39-40, 303

family characteristics and, 25-26, 285-287

food and beverage selection and availability, 292-294

meal preparation, 26, 28

obesogenic families, 306

and physical activity, 14-15, 296-301

recommendations, 14-15, 290, 308-309

Home visits, 46, 349

Hunger.

See also Appetite;

Satiety eating in absence of, 294-296, 305

in U.S., 88

Hypertension, 62, 67, 225

Hypertriglyceridemia, 69

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 70

I

Illinois, 213

Inactivity

deaths related to, 67

decreasing, 114, 301-305

defined, 336

health care costs of, 71, 73

prevalence, 29-30

safety reasons, 207

technology and, 160

TV viewing and, 301-305

Indiana, 247

Industry.

See also Advertising and marketing;

Food and beverage industry;

Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;

Restaurant industry

health promotion by, 128, 161, 182

recommendations, 8, 165-166, 177

self-regulation, 175, 354

Infants

breastfeeding, 222, 288-290

food insecurity, 105

low birthweight, 288

mortality rates, 21

overweight, 55, 58 n.3, 80-81

Information environment. See Advertising and marketing;

Public education

Injury prevention campaigns, 345, 361

Institute of Medicine, 144, 168, 344, 360

Institute of Traffic Engineers, 210

Insulin levels, 62.

See also Diabetes;

Glucose intolerance/insulin resistance

International dimensions of obesity, 2, 22, 367, 371

International Food Information Council, 40-41

Intervention programs.

See also Community-based interventions

behavioral theory and, 345

comprehensive approaches, 46-47, 128, 131, 196-199, 203, 262-263, 345, 349-352

ethnic groups targeted, 199-201, 203, 257

evaluation of, 133, 134, 136-137, 142, 214-215

evidence of effectiveness, 45-46, 196-198, 222-223, 262-263, 348, 349-352, 370-371

funding, 6, 44, 128, 131, 132-133, 142, 148, 359-360

industry-sponsored, 161

international efforts, 44

large-scale, 196-197, 217-219, 345, 347

parental involvement, 287

registry of, 44

school-based, 239, 244, 246-247

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

successful elements of, 46-47, 350-351

taxes on soft drinks and snack foods, 44, 128, 146-147

translation and diffusion of, 134-135

Intrauterine environment, 65, 95, 288

Iowa, 247

J

Joint Committee of National Health Education Standards, 261

Jump Up and Go Program, 225

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 184, 355, 371

Kidney failure, 69

Kids Off the Couch, 201

Know Your Body study, 244

L

Labeling. See Nutrition labeling

Laws and regulations, 357

evidence of effectiveness, 46, 347, 349

Lead paint control analogies, 350, 362

Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries, 7-8, 159-161, 166, 172, 175-176

Leisure time

availability, 36, 38, 159-160

physical activity trends, 29, 35, 36, 37

Leptin, 95

Lexis/Nexis, 339, 341

Life expectancy, 23

Lifestyle Education for Activity Program, 257

Lifestyle trends, 25-26, 27-39

Litigation, 128, 154, 354, 362-364

Local communities.

See also Community health care;

Community interventions

built environment, 132, 204-217

defined, 193-194, 332

food environment, 215-217

mobilization, 43-44, 128, 194-221

recommendations, 213, 217, 219-221

stakeholders and coalitions, 128, 133, 194, 195, 196-204

Louisiana, 61, 250

Low-income populations

built environment, 205, 207

community-based interventions, 199, 206, 217, 274

food access issues, 215-216, 217

nutrition programs, 142-144

overweight in, 206

Lung cancer prevention, 107

M

Macronutrients. See Carbohydrates;

Fat, dietary;

Protein, dietary

Marketing. See Advertising and marketing

Maryland, 207

Mass media

advertising and marketing, 8, 171-177, 178

advocacy, 181, 183, 351

anti-drug campaigns, 181-182

anti-tobacco campaigns, 178, 181-182, 347

dietary interventions, 180

effectiveness of campaigns, 46, 179, 347, 349, 364-365

obesity coverage, 40-41, 154, 181, 202

obesity epidemic, 39-40

physical fitness promotion, 179-180

public education campaigns, 8, 9-10, 177-185, 349, 364, 371

public service announcements, 184

Massachusetts, 225, 271

Meals.

See also Balanced diet;

Eating behavior

breakfast, 28

“clean the plate” pressures, 295

eating out, 26

home preparation, 26

snacks, 28

TV viewing during, 222, 293

Meat and poultry

consumption trends, 32

Media.

See also Electronic media;

Mass media;

Television viewing

Medicaid, 61, 71

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment program, 226

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component, 61

Medicare, 61, 71

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

Medline, 339, 341

Menstrual abnormalities, 67

Metabolic syndrome, 69, 70

Metabolism. See Basal metabolism;

Energy balance

resting, 92 n.6, 93

Metropolitan Planning Organizations, 210

Michigan, 61, 247

Micronutrient deficiencies, 88 n.3

Middle-School Physical Activity and Nutrition study, 257

Midwestern Prevention Project, 197

Military recruits, weight-for-height standards, 24

Milk and other dairy products, 31-32, 240, 293

Minnesota, 104, 242-243

Heart Health Program, 179, 180, 196, 197

Mississippi, 61, 250

Monitoring the Future Survey, 40

Montana, 207

N

National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 98, 253

National Association of County and City Health Officials, 132, 218

National Cancer Institute, 180, 199

National Center for Health Statistics, 54

National Committee for Quality Assurance, 226

National Governors Association, 132

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 6, 29, 36, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 63, 68, 89, 137, 138, 139, 140, 148, 157, 160

National Health Education Standards, 261

National Health Examination Survey (NHES), 36, 60

National Health Interview Survey, 29, 159-160, 221

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 179, 225

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 361

National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), 38, 39, 138

National Human Activity Pattern Survey, 160

National Institutes of Health, 358

Task Force on Obesity Prevention, 131, 135

National Library of Medicine, 341

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 60, 138

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 60, 61, 62, 139

National Personal Transportation Surveys, 39

National School Lunch Program, 142, 143, 145, 237 n.1, 239-241, 250

National Walk Our Children to School Day, 213

National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 182

Native Americans. See American Indians

Neighborhood associations, 210-211

Neonatal critical period, 95

New Mexico, 247

North Carolina, 266

North Carolina Black Churches United for Better Health project, 199-200

North Karelia Project, 179, 196-197

Nutrient density of foods, 96, 115, 162, 171, 172, 243, 335

Nutrition Academic Award Program, 225

Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 204

Nutrition assistance programs, 6-7, 142-144, 148

Nutrition education

availability, 100

behavioral curricula, 262-263

community-based interventions, 198, 201, 273

food service personnel, 134

health education curriculum, 261-262

media campaigns, 141

programs, 141-142, 148, 225

recommendations, 6, 142, 148

by restaurant industry, 164-166

at school, 261-263, 273

Nutrition labeling

calorie content, 168

comparative claims, 170-171

consumer understanding and use, 167, 169-170

and eating behavior, 169-170

energy density and nutrient density, 170, 171

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

health claims, 9, 167, 169-170, 171, 362

ingredient disclosure, 356

nutrient claims, 9, 167, 168-169, 171

Nutrition Facts Panel, 9, 158, 166-168, 169, 171, 335

percent Daily Value, 166-167, 171

recommendation, 8-9, 171

research needs, 9, 171

restaurant foods, 163-164, 165, 168, 197, 356

serving size, 167, 168, 356

warnings, 353, 356

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 166, 170 n.8

Nutrition standards, 44, 125, 129-130, 131, 134

O

Obesity.

See also Childhood and adolescent obesity;

Epidemic of childhood/adolescent obesity;

Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

BMI, 22, 54-55, 63

Ohio, 67, 206, 207, 247

Older children and youth

family decision-making responsibilities, 304-305

fast food consumption, 163

healthful eating behaviors, 290-292

1% or Less campaign, 180

Orthopedic problems, 67

Overweight

age-specific trends, 63, 80

BMI, 80, 336

defined, 55, 80, 336

P

Parents

as advocates, 300

defined, 14

eating behavior, 305-306

involvement in interventions, 287

labor force participation, 25, 26

media campaigns targeting, 179, 183

nutrition education, 142, 287, 299

obese or overweight, 64-65, 93, 104, 199, 289

perception of weight as health issue, 42-43, 65-66, 269, 306-308

physical activity patterns of, 297-298, 302

physician counseling for, 222

promoting healthy food choices, 14-15, 287-296

promoting physical activity, 14-15, 299, 300-301

as role models, 183, 195, 197, 273, 286, 292, 298, 305-306

Partnership for a Walkable America, 141, 213 n.2

Partnership for the Public’s Health, 200

Partnership to Promote Healthy Eating and Active Living, 84, 141

Pathways, 245, 246, 262-263

Pawtucket Heart Health Program, 179, 196

Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), 139

Pennsylvania, 207

Physical activity.

See also Inactivity;

Sedentary behavior

and academic performance, 253

active living, 155 n.1, 331

adults, 29, 35, 179

after-school programs, 260, 272-274

age and, 98, 296-297, 302-303

benefits of, 98-99, 253, 300

biological correlates, 69, 296-297

built environment and, 38, 125, 132, 196, 204-211

changes needed, 128, 252-263

classroom curricula, 255, 262-263

community mobilization, 44, 179-180, 196, 197, 201, 202, 211-215

competitive sports, 202, 258-259, 299

counseling, 223

dance classes, 257

defined, 97, 336

developmental correlates, 296-297

economic environment and, 100, 102

education programs, 141-142, 299

effectiveness of interventions, 256-258, 262-263

endurance training, 256-257

and energy balance, 92, 98-99, 102

environmental influences, 102, 105, 257

evaluation of programs and policies, 213, 260, 274-275, 364

extracurricular programs, 258-259

family-based interventions, 299-300

food intakes and, 91, 245

funding for programs, 44

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

gender differences, 257-258, 296-297

home environment and, 14-15, 296-301

industry-sponsored efforts, 182

interactive effects of diet and, 92-93

interventions, 136-137, 141-142, 179-180, 182, 211-215, 223, 245

leisure time, 36, 105, 159-160

measurement of, 98-99, 205, 209

media campaigns, 179-180

outdoor play, 205, 222, 299, 300

parental role, 299

PE classes and recess, 35, 37, 125, 253-258, 259, 336

physical environment and, 125, 132, 196, 204-211, 299

promoting, 44, 141-142, 148, 161, 179-180, 200-201, 222, 299

psychosocial and behavioral correlates, 98-99, 297

public programs, 141-142

race/ethnicity and, 29-30, 205, 257

recommendations, 6, 259-261, 273

recommended levels, 29 n.3, 98, 253

reducing sedentary behaviors, 263-264, 301-305

research needs, 261, 300

safety issues, 205, 211, 299, 300

school-based interventions, 43, 245, 256-258, 299

social environment and, 297-299

socioeconomic status and, 105, 201, 205, 206, 298-299

surveillance, 29, 137, 140

transportation patterns and, 37-39, 71

trends, 29, 35-39, 160

TV viewing and, 301-305

types, 29

walking and biking, 37, 38-39, 92, 125, 141, 160, 211-215, 259, 300

Physical environment.

See also Built environment;

Food environment;

School food and beverages

and food intake, 100, 101

and physical activity, 100, 102

Physical fitness, 129, 137, 140, 141, 269-270, 334, 336

Planet Health, 137, 245, 246-247, 263, 264

Policy/political environment

agricultural policies, 144-146

food environment and, 100, 101, 144-146, 369

and implementation of interventions, 348

and physical activity, 100, 102, 214

public opinion and, 178-179

Portion sizes, 358, 369

age and, 165

of away-from-home foods 158

control, 165, 294-296

defined, 158 n.3

and eating behavior, 158, 291-292, 294-296

marketing strategy, 158-159, 366

quantifying dietary intakes, 98

regulation of, 362

trends, 27, 30

Potatoes, 28

Pregnancy

gestational diabetes, 65, 288

intrauterine environment, 65, 95, 288, 289

obesity during, 65, 288, 289

President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 141

Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

adult obesity and, 22, 63-65

away-from-home foods and, 26, 331

BMI distribution, 61-62, 73

in ethnic groups, 1, 26-27, 58-61, 94, 105-106

food environment and, 356-357

high-risk population subgroups, 58-61, 72-73

overall burden, 1-2, 55-58

population genetics and, 94

regional differences, 61

socioeconomic status and, 60-61, 104-105

Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity.

See also Action plan for prevention;

Intervention programs

annual report on, 130-131

behaviors targeted, 222

clinical screening and tracking, 221-224, 226

community health services, 221-225, 226, 348-349

congressional support, 131, 177

coordinating task force, 5-6, 130-131, 147

cost considerations, 100

current efforts, 125-126

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

definitions, 81-83, 337

economic benefits of, 72

energy balance, 90-106

federal commitment to, 5, 129-131

food industry as target of, 370

global dimension, 371

government support and funding, 5-6, 128

guide to preventive services, 209, 348-349

individual-level approach, 86, 87, 107-108, 109, 110, 221-223

individual responsibility vs. collective action, 369

insurance coverage, 100, 224, 225-226

intermediate goals, 86-87

legislation and regulations, 360-361

lessons learned from other initiatives, 103, 109, 125, 128, 179-183, 344-352, 369-370

longitudinal studies, 140-141, 209

multifactorial approaches, 16, 46-47, 81-82, 83, 109, 125, 126, 128, 178, 179, 245-246, 249, 299, 322, 344, 349-352, 370

national priorities, 5-7, 127, 129-131, 147-148

population-level approach, 82, 86, 87, 88-90, 107-109, 125, 199-201

primary prevention approach, 82, 107, 115, 337

psychosocial considerations, 222

public health precedents for, 24, 44-47, 83, 107, 179-183, 321, 350-351

public-private partnerships, 141

social environment and, 320, 365-367

sociocultural considerations, 100, 103, 106, 109-110, 369

stakeholders, 16, 19, 127, 320, 321, 324

state and local priorities, 6, 131-134, 148

targeted to high-risk populations, 81, 142

treatment distinguished from, 81-82

Prevention research.

See also Evaluation of prevention interventions

best practices and effectiveness evaluations, 97-115, 344-345, 346, 370-371

causality and, 108-109

clinical practice approach, 107-108, 109, 110

community-based, 134, 344-345

components of, 112-113

cost-effectiveness analyses, 136-137

developing recommendations, 111-115

experimental behavioral, 134, 135-136

falsifiability, 108

federal investment in, 135, 177

framework, 136

generalizability, 107-108, 111, 260, 345, 346, 350, 364

incorporation into program planning and implementation, 136

interdisciplinary and interdepartmental collaborations, 130, 134, 135

literature on, 114, 339-342

phases, 108

population-based, 110, 134

predictability, 107

public health approach, 108-110

randomized controlled trials, 110, 111, 114

recommendations, 148

replicability, 107-108

review of evidence, 107-115

scientific uncertainty and, 109

social values and, 109-110

standard of evidence, 111, 114

Project MOVE (Measurement of the Value of Exercise), 136-137

Protein, dietary

consumption trends, 34

food supply trends, 34

Provider reminder systems, 46, 347, 348, 349

PsychINFO database, 339, 341

Psychosocial and behavioral considerations

depression and depressive symptoms, 66, 67, 69-70, 105

and dietary intake, 95-98, 105

in energy balance, 69-70, 95-99

health costs of obesity, 23, 65, 66-67, 69-70, 71, 73

and physical activity, 98-99

stigmatization of obesity, 2, 23, 103

Puberty, 297

Public education

areas of focus, 183-184

audience exposure, 180-181

barriers to success, 180-181

complementary components, 178

dietary interventions, 180, 345

evaluation and monitoring component, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

funding for, 184

media campaigns, 9-10, 43, 128, 177-185, 353

nutrition and physical activity programs, 141-142

of parents, 179, 183

recommendations, 9-10, 183-185

sensitivity in design of, 178

Public health.

See also Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity

access and opportunity issues, 356-358

achievements of 20th century, 21, 44-46, 346-348

action plan for preventions, 108-110, 115, 127, 129

agricultural policies and, 144-146, 148

community preventive services, 7, 125, 200, 346, 347, 348-349

criteria for comparison of prior approaches, 368

economic factors, 347, 358-360

evidence-based approach, 108-110, 126

framework for interventions, 352-367

implications of obesity epidemic, 22-24

individual and clinical efforts, 348, 365

information environment, 353-356

leadership, coordination, and priority setting, 7, 129-134

legal environment, 349, 360-361

lessons learned, 125, 128, 179-183, 344-352, 369-370

litigation, 362-364

media campaigns, 179-183, 346, 347, 349, 364-365

multi-problem approaches, 126, 349-352

nutrition assistance programs, 142-144, 148

nutrition education programs, 141-142

oversight and enforcement role, 133-134

physical activity programs, 141-142

precedents for prevention, 21, 24, 44-47, 83, 125-126, 128, 179-183, 343-371

prevention and treatment programs, 107-109, 364-365

product labeling, 356

recommendations, 131, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147-148

regulatory environment, 361-362

research and evaluation, 107-109, 134-137, 148

school-based interventions, 347, 348, 349, 364

social environment and, 126-127, 365-367

state and local agencies, 133-134, 148

surveillance and monitoring, 137-141, 148

taxes on food and beverages, 146-147

Public Health Foundation, 218

Public interest in obesity

and policy changes, 178-179, 365-367

raising, 306-308

trends, 40-43, 154

triggers for, 126-127

R

Racial and ethnic disparities.

See also Ethnic groups;

Sociocultural environment

in BMI, 58-60

in body size dissatisfaction, 103-104

in built environment, 205

community health interventions, 203

in energy balance, 105-106

in food access, 215-216

in physical activity opportunities, 205

in prevalence of obesity, 105-106

REACH 2010 initiative, 200

Recommendations

evidence-based approach to developing, 16, 111-115, 323

Recreation industry. See Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries

Recreational facilities and programs, 202, 206, 211

Regional differences in prevalence of obesity, 61

Research priorities, 16-17, 88, 177, 322-325.

See also Prevention research

Restaurant industry.

See also Away-from-home foods;

Fast food

advertising, 172, 175-176

healthier food options, 162, 163-164

nutrition education, 164-166

nutrition labeling, 163-164, 165, 168, 197, 356

recommendations, 8, 165-166

sales, 162

self-regulation, 175-176

Reyes Syndrome campaigns, 179

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

Risk, defined, 337

Risk analysis, defined, 337

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 206, 218

Role models

health professionals as, 223

parents as, 183, 195, 197, 273, 292, 298, 305-306

Roper Youth Report, 173

S

Safe Routes to School programs, 213, 214

Safety

in built environment, 205, 207-208, 211

defined, 337

Satiety, 157, 159, 289, 294, 295

School Breakfast Program, 142, 143, 237 n.1, 239-241, 258-259

School environment

after-school and extracurricular programs, 200, 258-259, 260, 272-274

behavioral nutrition curricula, 262-263

changes needed in, 248-250, 252-263, 264-265

Channel One News, 265, 266

classroom curricula, 253, 261-265

as community center, 272-274

competitive sports, 258-259

evaluation of programs and policies, 260, 274-275, 277-278

fitness screening and counseling, 269-272

health education, 14, 261-262

health services, 14, 269-272, 308, 349

interventions, 46, 114-115, 128, 137, 141, 197, 211-215, 244-247, 256-258, 349

location in community, 213-215

nutrition education programs, 141, 249-250, 273

PE classes, 125, 336, 253-258, 259, 260, 358

physical activity, 13, 14, 43, 211-215, 253-261, 262-263, 276-277, 358

prevention opportunities, 12-13, 237-238

rating, 218

recess, 255, 258

recommendations, 12-14, 114-115, 259-261, 264-265, 273, 276-278

reducing sedentary behaviors, 263-264

research needs, 261

tobacco prevention policies, 358

School food and beverages

access to, 44, 252, 358

advertising, 14, 176, 251, 265-269

bonus commodities, 145, 248, 250

cafeteria offerings, 238-239, 240

changes needed in, 248-250, 252-263

competitive foods, 13, 241-244, 250, 251-252, 332

dietary intervention studies, 240-241, 244-247, 252-253, 364

energy density of, 240, 243

energy intakes, 237

environmental interventions, 245-246

federal meal programs, 142, 143, 145, 237, 239-241, 250, 337, 358, 364

fresh fruits and vegetables, 217, 242, 243, 247-248, 251, 291

funding of meals, 250, 252, 277

garden programs, 217, 248

menu planning, 239-240

nutrition guidelines, 239

nutritional quality and standards, 13, 240, 241, 243, 245, 249, 251, 277

pilot programs, 242, 247-248, 251, 252, 274, 277

pricing strategies, 251-252

recommendations, 13-14, 114-115, 248-250, 252-253, 276-277

research needs, 252-253

restricting sales of, 241-242, 249, 250, 358, 359

revenue issues, 250-252, 358, 359

standards setting, 44, 125, 129-130, 131, 134

training of food service personnel, 249-250

vending machines, 44, 114-115, 239, 241, 242, 243, 250, 251-252, 266, 358, 359, 364

School Health Index, 274-275

School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), 137, 139, 242, 253, 254, 266, 269

School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children, 240

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 240, 250

Section 402 State and Community Highway Safety Grant program, 132

Sedentary behavior

defined, 337

electronic media and, 40

energy expenditure patterns, 160

health care costs, 70

reducing, 263-264

Self-efficacy, 262

Self-esteem issues, 43

race/ethnicity and, 66

Self-help interventions, 126, 365

Serving size.

See also Portion size

defined, 158 n.3

infant feeding and, 290

package size and, 167, 168, 356

recommended, 165

Shaping America’s Youth, 44, 161

Sleep apnea, 67, 72

Small Steps campaign, 181

Smart Growth America, 210

Smart Growth Network, 210

Smart growth principles, 209, 210

Snacks and snacking

activities needed to burn calories in, 92

energy-dense foods, 28, 92

Social change models, 351-352

Social cognitive theory, 262, 264

Social marketing campaign, 182-183, 184

Social movement theory, 350-351, 360

Social norms and values, 8, 15-16, 84-85, 91-92, 100, 103, 106, 126, 286, 320, 321, 369

Sociocultural environment

body image, 66, 91-92, 100, 103-104

and energy balance, 84-85, 91-92, 100-106

and food intake, 100, 101, 106

and obesity, 64, 100

and physical activity, 100, 102

and prevention, 100, 103, 369, 371

prior reform movements, 45

stigmatization, 23, 43, 66, 100, 103

targeting interventions to, 198, 199-201, 203, 275

Socioeconomic status.

See also Low-income populations

and BMI, 60-61

and community interventions, 10, 203, 205

and energy balance, 104-105, 146-147

and healthy food access, 105, 106, 201

and intergenerational obesity, 65

and obesity prevalence, 10, 60-61, 104-105

and physical activity opportunities, 105, 201, 205, 207

racial/ethnic disparities, 60-61, 106, 201

Sociological Abstracts, 339, 341

Sodas and fruit drinks

bans on school sales, 242

and BMI, 293-294

consumption trends, 293, 358

diet beverages, 156

energy density and nutrient density, 170 n.7, 293

limiting consumption, 222, 242

marketing contracts with schools, 251, 266

taxes on, 44, 128, 146-147, 359

South Australian Daily Physical Activity Program, 256-257

South Carolina, 61

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), 55, 65, 141, 142, 143-144, 216

Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK), 247, 256

Stanford Adolescent Heart Health Program, 245, 247, 263

Stanford Dance for Health, 257

Stanford Five-City Project, 179-180, 196

Stanford SMART (Student Media Awareness to Reduce Television), 247, 263-264

Stanford Three Community Study, 179, 196

Steps to a Healthier U.S. Initiative, 132-133, 181, 204

Stereotyping, negative, 66

Stigmatization, 2, 23, 43, 66, 100, 103, 178, 222, 270

Stress response, 70

Stroke, 69

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 179

Summer Food Service Program, 142

Surveillance and monitoring.

See also individual surveys

adolescent health and behavior, 60, 61, 62, 138, 139, 209

body weight, 89, 137, 140

collaborations, 137-138

dietary intake, 97, 137, 138

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

energy balance, 137

funding, 140

longitudinal studies, 140-141

needs, 140

nutrition and health, 29, 36, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 63, 68, 89, 137, 138, 139

physical activity, 29, 137, 140

public health, 137-141

recommendations, 6, 140-141

school health policies and programs, 137, 139

time use, 60, 61, 62, 139, 159-160

transportation patterns, 38, 39, 138

Sweden, 44

Sweeteners. See Added caloric sweeteners

T

Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 299

Taxation and pricing interventions, 44, 128, 146-147, 178, 358-360

Team Nutrition, 141

Teasing, 100, 178

Television viewing

advertising, 8, 44, 172, 174, 265, 301, 302, 355

bedroom sets, 39, 302, 304

household sets, 39

interventions to reduce, 200, 222, 247, 263-264, 303-304

mealtime viewing, 222, 293, 302

and obesity prevalence, 177-178, 301-302, 303

position statements of medical professionals, 224, 304

recommended limits, 15, 304, 308

time management monitor, 264

time spent, 39-40, 41, 114, 160-161, 301-302

Texas, 61

Tobacco control analogies, 45, 103, 107, 126, 128, 133, 146, 154, 178, 197, 199, 223, 350-351, 352-356, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 368, 369-371

Toddlers and young children

food insecurity, 105

healthful eating behaviors, 290-292

predictors of energy intake, 158-159

Tort reform, 363-364

Transportation

and access to healthy foods, 216

patterns, 37-39, 205, 211-212

Transportation Alternatives, 214

Transportation Research Board, 205, 341

Treatment of obesity

prevention distinguished from, 81-82

research approach, 108

TRIS (Transportation Research Information Services) database, 339, 341

21st Century Community Learning Centers program, 273

Twin studies, 93, 94

2 Fruit ‘n’ 5 Veg Every Day, 180

U

United Kingdom, 44, 213, 214, 248

University of California Cooperative Extension, 201

U.S. Census Bureau, 105

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 132

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 268, 332

Agricultural Marketing Service, 145

Cooperative Extension Service, 141

dietary guidelines, 96-97, 131, 164-165, 332

dietary intake surveys, 137-138

Farm Service Agency, 145

Healthy Eating Index, 96-97

and industry, 153

nutrition programs, 129, 141-142, 144, 145, 238, 239, 240, 250, 252

obesity prevention role, 13, 129, 130, 131

research on nutrition, 135

U.S. Department of Defense, 130, 131

Fresh Produce Program, 145, 248

U.S. Department of Education, 130, 131, 268, 273, 341

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 253, 332

collaboration with CDC, 200

dietary guidelines, 96-97, 131, 164, 332

funding of community-based health efforts, 132-133, 208

guideline development for advertising and marketing, 9, 175-176, 177

health and nutrition survey, 29, 36, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 63, 68, 89, 137-138, 139, 140, 148

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
×

and industry, 153, 175-176

obesity prevention role, 129, 130, 131, 147, 204, 220-221

registry of research and intervention programs, 44

Small Steps campaign, 181, 184

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 130, 131

U.S. Department of Justice, 354

U.S. Department of the Interior, 130, 131

U.S. Department of Transportation, 130, 131, 208, 220-221

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 221

V

Vegetables. See Fruits and vegetables

VERB campaign, 141, 182-183, 184

Virginia, 207

W

Walking and biking opportunities

built environment and, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211-215

Walking School Bus program, 213

Washington, 206

Weight. See Body weight

Well-being, defined, 65, 337

West Virginia, 61, 250

White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, 182

Whites.

See also Racial and ethnic disparities

body image dissatisfaction, 66, 104

defined, 58 n.4

obesity prevalence, 143

World Health Organization, 290, 350, 367

Y

YMCA, 202

Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey, 37

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 35, 137, 139, 209, 256, 258, 301

Z

Zuni Indian Tribal Organization, 247

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11015.
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Children's health has made tremendous strides over the past century. In general, life expectancy has increased by more than thirty years since 1900 and much of this improvement is due to the reduction of infant and early childhood mortality. Given this trajectory toward a healthier childhood, we begin the 21st-century with a shocking development—an epidemic of obesity in children and youth. The increased number of obese children throughout the U.S. during the past 25 years has led policymakers to rank it as one of the most critical public health threats of the 21st-century.

Preventing Childhood Obesity provides a broad-based examination of the nature, extent, and consequences of obesity in U.S. children and youth, including the social, environmental, medical, and dietary factors responsible for its increased prevalence. The book also offers a prevention-oriented action plan that identifies the most promising array of short-term and longer-term interventions, as well as recommendations for the roles and responsibilities of numerous stakeholders in various sectors of society to reduce its future occurrence. Preventing Childhood Obesity explores the underlying causes of this serious health problem and the actions needed to initiate, support, and sustain the societal and lifestyle changes that can reverse the trend among our children and youth.

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