Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACAME
an association of francophone West African countries’ central medical stores
ACSI-CCCD
Africa Child Survival Initiative—Combating Childhood Communicable Diseases Project
ACT
artemisinin combination therapy
ACTMalaria
Asian Collaborative Training Network for Malaria
AL
artemether-lumefantrine
A+M
artesunate plus mefloquine
AMI
Amazon Malaria Initiative
APLs
adaptable program loans
AQ
amodiaquine
AS
artesunate
ATM
artemether
ATS
artemisinin
AUC
area under the curve
BOMA
Burden of Malaria in Africa
Bsph
Bacillus sphaericus
Bti
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
CHAZ
Churches Health Association of Zambia
CIF
cost, insurance, freight
CMH
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
CMS
Central Medical Stores (Cambodia)
CNM
National Malaria Center (Cambodia)
CNS
central nervous system
COMESA
Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa
CQ
chloroquine
CRHCS
East and Southern Africa Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat
CRPF
chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum
CRPV
chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax
CSA
chondroitin sulphate A
DALY
disability-adjusted life-year
DDT
dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
DDU
duty delivery unpaid
DEET
N,N-diethyl-m toluamide (an insect repellant)
DFWP
duty-free wholesaler price
DHA
dihydroartemisinin
DHFR
dihydrofolate reductase-thymidilate synthase
DHPS
dihydropteroate synthase
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNDi
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
DOTS
directly-observed therapy, short course (refers to treatment for tuberculosis)
DSS
Demographic Surveillance Site (or System)
EANMAT
East African Network for Monitoring Antimalarial Treatments
ECG
electrocardiogram
EDB
Essential Drugs Bureau (Cambodia)
EIR
entomologic inoculation rate
EMVI
European Malaria Vaccine Initiative
EPI
Expanded Programme on Immunization
G6PD
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G8
Group of Eight [leading industrialized countries]
GAVI
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
GDF
TB Global Drug Facility
GDP
gross domestic product
GFATM
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
GMR
a private South African company that manages medical stores
GNI
gross national income
GSK
GlaxoSmithKline
HIPC
highly indebted poor countries
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HMS
hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly
HRP-2
histidine-rich protein 2
IDA
International Development Association
IFPMA
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
IMCI
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
INN
International Nonproprietary Name
IOM
Institute of Medicine (of The National Academies)
IPT
intermittent preventive treatment
IPTc
intermittent preventive treatment in children
IPTi
intermittent preventive treatment in infants
IPTp
intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women
IRS
indoor residual spraying
ITC
insecticide-treated curtain
ITN
insecticide-treated (bed) net
kdr
knock down resistance
LICUS
low income countries under stress
MARA
Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa
MDA
mass drug administration
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
MDR
multidrug resistance
MEWS
malaria early warning system
MIC
minimum inhibitory concentration
MIM
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria
MMSS
Malaria Medicines and Supplies Service
MMV
Medicines for Malaria Venture
MoH
Ministry of Health
MPC
minimum parasiticidal concentration
MQ
mefloquine
MSH
Management Sciences for Health
MSL
Medical Stores Ltd.
MSP-1
merozoite surface protein-1
MTCT
maternal to child transmission
MVI
Malaria Vaccine Initiative
NGO
nongovernmental organization
NIH
National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
OTC
over-the-counter
PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
PATH
Program for Appropriate Technology in Health
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
PF
parasitologic failure
Pfcrt
Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene
Pfdhfr
dihydrofolate reductase gene
Pfdhps
dihydropteroate synthase gene
PfEMP-1
P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1
Pfmdr
Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene
Pgh1
P-glycoprotein homologue
pLDH
parasite enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
PNA
Pharmacie Nationale d’Approvisionnement
PQ
piperaquine
PRA
Pharmacie Regionale d’Approvisionnement
PRSCs
poverty reduction support credits
PRSP
poverty reduction strategy paper
QBC
quantitative buffy coat test
R&D
research and development
RACTAP
Réseau d’Afrique Centrale des Thérapeutiques Antipaludiques (Central African network)
RBC
red blood cell
RBM
Roll Back Malaria
RDT
rapid diagnostic test
RNA
ribonucleic acid
RTS,S
a recombinant protein vaccine which pairs hepatitis B surface antigen with DNA encoding a large portion of P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein
SACs
structural adjustment credits
SADCC
Southern African Development Coordination Conference
SALs
structural adjusted loans
SEACAT
South East African Combination Antimalarial Therapy [Evaluation]
SIT
sterile insect technology
SP
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
SWAp
sector-wide approach
T 1/2
half-life
TB
tuberculosis
TDR
the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
TEHIP
Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project
TNF-alpha
tumor necrosis factor alpha
TTF
therapeutic treatment failure
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
USAID
U. S. Agency for International Development
USAMRMC
United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
VA
verbal autopsy
VAT
value added tax
VLSS
Vietnam Living Standards Surveys
WANMAT
West African Networks for Monitoring Antimalarial Treatments
WHO
World Health Organization
WHOPES
WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme
WRAIR
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
ZK
Zambia Kwacha (currency)