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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. procuring, international system for, 112–121 reduction in malaria transmission, 212–213 resistance, 172, 270–272, 276–281 safe and user-friendly, 315–316 tiered pricing, 65 APLs. See World Bank, Adaptable Program Loans and Credits Apovia, 224 Artecef, 306 Artemether-lumefantrine. See also Coartem malaria control, 214–215 treatment of malaria, 254, 257 Artemisia annua, x, 6, 12, 62, 81 Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) affordability issues, 61–62 availability, 42 clinical experience with, 263 cost-effectiveness, 66–67, 70–71 delaying emergence of resistance, xi, 4–5 discoveries in, 133–134 economic considerations, 5–6 effects, 70 evidence base for, 264–265 as first-line treatment, 3, 79, 80 global costs, 64–65 global subsidy for, 6–10, 82–83, 86–110, 121, 169, 315 negative impact of—use, 84–85 priming market for, 6 production costs, 62–64 purchase of, 52 role in malaria control, 22–23, 214–215 stimulating—market, 81 treatment models, 67–74 Artemisinins, 261–262 basic properties, 255 botanical properties, 262 clinical experience with, 263 mechanisms of action, 262–263 resistance to, 275–276 safety during pregnancy, 268–269 toxicity of, 266 Artemisone, 308 Artemotil, 306 Artesunate artemisinins, 261–262 described, 265–266 drug class, 253 first-line drug, 43 national drug policy on, 235 public sector drug flows, 38 R&D, 307–309 social marketing, 41 treatment of malaria, 254, 257 wholesale prices, 63 Aristophanes, 125 Aristotle, 125 Aryl aminoalcohol compounds, 253 Asia, malaria in, 24–25 Asian Collaborative Training Network for Malaria (ACTMalaria), 237 Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, 47–48, 303 Atabrine (quinacrine, mepacrine), 131 Ataxia, 153 Atovaquone plus proguanil, 253, 255, 258, 294, 306. See also Malarone Australia, 99 Austria, 105 B Bacillus sphaericus (Bsph), 211 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), 211 Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, 59, 175, 176, 209 Bamako, Mali, 43 Bandafassi, Senegal, 175 Bastianelli, Giovanni, 129 Bayer, 308 Bayer Dye Works, 131 See also Insecticide-treated nets Behavioral deficits, 153 Benin, 98 Bhutan, 236
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