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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT HUMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TERRESTRIAL CARBON FLUXES

A Workshop Summary

By Rob Coppock and Stephanie Johnson

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This workshop was supported under a Task Order Contract #NASW-01008 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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STEERING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT HUMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TERRESTRIAL GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES

MICHAEL J.PRATHER, Chair,

University of California, Irvine

ANN CAMP,

Yale University

JEANNE NIENABER CLARKE,

University of Arizona

RUTH S.DEFRIES,

University of Maryland

JOHN HARRINGTON, JR.,

Kansas State University

RICHARD A.HOUGHTON,

The Woods Hole Research Center

RATTAN LAL,

The Ohio State University

IAN ROY NOBLE,

The World Bank

Science Writer

ROB COPPOCK,

Washington, DC

NRC Staff

JAMIE S.JONKER, Program Officer

STEPHANIE JOHNSON, Program Officer

TANJA PILZAK, Research Associate

MONICA LIPSCOMB, Research Associate

ELIZABETH GALINIS, Senior Project Assistant

DONNA JAMEISON, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

MAY BERENBAUM, Chair,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana

SANDRA BARTHOLMEY,

University of Illinois, Chicago

DEBORAH BLUM,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

H.H.CHENG,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

W.R. (REG) GOMES,

University of California, Oakland

ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,

University of California, Riverside

PERRY R.HAGENSTEIN,

Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts

JEAN HALLORAN,

Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York

JANET C.KING,

Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Center, Oakland, California

DANIEL P.LOUCKS,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

WHITNEY MACMILLAN,

Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota

BRIAN W.MCBRIDE,

University of Guelph, Canada

TERRY MEDLEY,

DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Wilmington, Delaware

OLE NIELSEN,

Ontario Veterinary College, Canada

ROBERT PAARLBERG,

Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts

ALICE N.PELL,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

BOBBY PHILLS,

Florida AandM University, Tallahassee

SHARRON S.QUISENBERRY,

Virgnia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

SONYA B.SALAMON,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana

JACK WARD THOMAS,

University of Montana, Missoula

B.L.TURNER,

Clarke University, Worcester, Massachusetts

JAW-KAI WANG,

University of Hawaii, Manoa

Staff

CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director

KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE

ROBERT J.SERAFIN (Chair),

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

FREDERICK R.ANDERSON,

McKenna Long and Aldridge LLP, Washington, D.C.

ROBERT C.BEARDSLEY,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts

ROSINA M.BIERBAUM,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

RAFAEL L.BRAS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

MARY ANNE CARROLL,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

WALTER F.DABBERDT,

Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

KERRY A.EMANUEL,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

CASSANDRA G.FESEN,

Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire

JENNIFER A.LOGAN,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

WILLIAM J.RANDEL,

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

ROGER M.WAKIMOTO,

University of California, Los Angeles

JOHN C.WYNGAARD,

Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Ex Officio Members

ANTONIO J.BUSALACCHI, JR.,

University of Maryland, College Park

ERIC F.WOOD,

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Staff

CHRIS ELFRING, Director

SHELDON DROBOT, Program Officer

AMANDA STAUDT, Program Officer

JULIE DEMUTH, Research Associate

ELIZABETH A.GALINIS, Senior Program Assistant

ROB GREENWAY, Senior Program Assistant

DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Coordinator

ANDREAS SOHRE, Financial Associate

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This workshop summary could not have been produced without the contributions of many individuals who offered their time, expertise, and knowledge. A steering committee planned the workshop. The steering committee members were Michael J.Prather (Chair), University of California, Irvine; Ann Camp, Yale University; Jeanne Nienaber Clarke, University of Arizona; Ruth S.Defries, University of Maryland; John Harrington, Jr., Kansas State University; Richard A.Houghton, Woods Hole Research Center; Rattan Lal, Ohio State University; and Ian Roy Noble, The World Bank. The committee suggested workshop topics, identified speakers, and drafted the workshop agenda. Committee members did not participate in the workshop summary. The steering committee thanks all of the speakers (see Appendixes A and B) and those who attended and contributed to the workshop.

This summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this summary: Richard A.Houghton, The Woods Hole Research Center, George Hurtt, University of New Hampshire, James Katzer, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (retired), Dennis Ojima, Colorado State University, Michael J.Prather, University of California, Irvine, and Ron Sass, Rice University

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see a final draft of the summary before its release. The review of the summary was overseen by Thomas Graedel of Yale University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authors and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11037.
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Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth’s climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands.

This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects.

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