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Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors
TABLE D-2 Attributes of Advanced Primary Batteries
aThe energy density and specific energy values are based on the power density and specific power values, respectively.
high specific energy at low to medium powers. In comparison with Li/MnO2, the main disadvantages of Li/(CF)x are low power capability and high cost.
Secondary Batteries
Secondary batteries can be recharged. There are numerous commercially available secondary batteries that are used commercially, such as lead-acid, silver-zinc, and metal-hydride systems. This appendix describes systems that have advanced technologically since 1997, including Li ion and Li polymer chemistries, nickel metal hydride, and lithium sulfur. Attributes of these batteries are summarized in Table D-3.
Li ion batteries encompass several different chemistries, including LiCoO2, LiNiO2, and LiMn2O4 positive electrodes. The Li ion cell was introduced commercially in the early 1990s by the Sony Corporation.4 It has the advantages of high cell voltage (~3.6 V), high specific energy (>100 Wh/ kg), and long cycle life (~1,000 deep cycles). Li ion batteries’ power and energy characteristics are summarized in Table D-3. Li ion batteries quickly captured the market for camcorders, cell phones, and notebook computers in spite of their high cost, and small cells of cylindrical and prismatic form are being manufactured at the rate of close to a billion cells per year.
The cells can be recharged because the active materials can accommodate the movement of Li atoms (and electrons)
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