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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11078.
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7 References AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) Committee on Nutrition. 1992. The use of whole cow's milk in infancy. Pediatrics 89:1105-1109. AAP, Work Group on Breastfeeding. 1997. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 100:1035-1039. AAP, Committee on Nutrition. 1999. Iron fortification of infant formulas. Pediatrics 104:119-123. AAP, Committee on Nutrition. 2001a. The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics. Pediatrics 107:1210-1213. AAP, Provisional Section on Breastfeeding. 2001b. WIC Program. Pediatrics 108:1216-1217. AAP. 2004. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 5th edition (Kleinman RE, ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Abbott Laboratories, Ross Products Division. 2002. Breastfeeding Trends through 2000. Columbus, OH: Abbott Laboratories. [Online]. Available: http://www.ross.com/aboutross/survey.pdf [accessed May 15, 2004]. Abbott Laboratories, Ross Products Division. 2003. Breastfeeding Trends - 2002. Columbus, OH: Abbott Laboratories. [Online]. Available: http://www.ross.com/images/library/bf_trends_2002.pdf [accessed May 25, 2004]. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. 1997. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 23:1- 114. Abrams B, Altman SL, Pickett KE. 2000. Pregnancy weight gain: Still controversial. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1233S-1241S. Abrams B, Newman V. 1991. Small-for-gestational-age birth: Maternal predictors and comparison with risk factors of spontaneous preterm delivery in the same cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:785-790. ADA (American Dietetic Association). 1999. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Dietary guidance for healthy children aged 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc 99:93-101. ADA/Dietitians of Canada. 2003. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 103:748-765. Ahluwalia IB, Tessaro I, Grummer-Strawn LM, MacGowan C, Benton-Davis S. 2000. Georgia's breast- feeding promotion program for low-income women. Pediatrics 105:E85. Allen LH. 2000. Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1280S-1284S. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. 1999. Breast-feeding and cognitive development: A meta- analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 70:525-535. 7-1

7-2 PROPOSED CRITERIA FORSELECTING THE WIC FOOD PACKAGES ARS (Agricultural Research Service), Food Surveys Research Group, USDA. 1999. Pyramid Servings Data. Table Set 7. CSFII 1995 and CSFII 1996. NESS Report No. 96-1. Beltsville, MD: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm [accessed May 1, 2004]. ARS, Food Surveys Research Group, USDA. 1999. Pyramid Servings Data. Table Set 9. CSFII 1994- 1996. Beltsville, MD: USDA, NESS Report No. 96-1. [Online]. Available: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm [accessed May 1, 2004]. ARS, Food Surveys Research Group (USDA). 1999. Food and Nutrient Intake by Children 1994-96, 1998. Table Set 17. NFS Report No. 96-1. Beltsville, MD: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm [accessed May 1, 2004]. ASCN (American Society for Clinical Nutrition). 1979. Report of the Task Force on the Evidence Relat- ing Six Dietary Factors to the Nation's Health. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Ameri- can Society for Clinical Nutrition, Washington, DC, May, 1979, Ahrens EH Jr., Conner WE, co- chairs. Am J Clint Nutr 32(12 Suppl):2621-2748. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry), CDC, DHHS. 1999b. Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (CDDs). Atlanta, GA: ATSDR, CDC, DHHS. [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp104.pdf [accessed May 31, 2004]. ATSDR, CDC, DHHS. 2003b. Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorines. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, DHHS. [Online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf [accessed June 13, 2004]. ATSDR, CDC, DHHS. 1999a. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, CDC, DHHS . [Online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf [accessed June 11, 2004]. ATSDR, CDC, DHHS. 1999c. Toxicological Profile for Mercury. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Sub- stance and Disease Registry, CDC, DHHS. [Online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf [accessed May 31, 2004]. ATSDR, CDC, DHHS. 2003a. Toxicological Profile for Selenium. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Sub- stance and Disease Registry, CDC, DHHS. [Online]. Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92.pdf [accessed June 11, 2004]. Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltsas G, Techatrasak K, Manning PM, West C, Jacobs HS. 1995. Polycystic ovary syndrome: The spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 10:2107-2111. Ballew C, Kuester S, Serdula M, Bowman B, Dietz W. 2000. Nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of young children by dietary fat intakes. J Pediatr 136:181-187. BARC (Beltsville Agricultural Research Center), USDA. 2004. Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. [Online]. Available: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc [accessed August 5, 2004]. Bartlett S, Olvera R, Bobronnikov E, Gill N, Hazlett A, Laramie M, Abe K, Howard P, Laliberty D, Golding J, Fahey E (Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, MA). 2003. WIC Participant and Program Characteristics 2002: Tables. Report No. WIC-03-PC. Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/menu/published/wic/files/pc2002tables.pdf [accessed April 20, 2004]. Basiotis PP, Carlson A, Gerrior SA, Juan WY, Lino M (Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA). 2002. The Healthy Eating Index: 1999-2000. Publication No. CNPP-12. Washington, DC: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/pubs/hei/hei99-00report.pdf [accessed April 18, 2004]. Basiotis PP, Kramer-LeBlanc CS, Kennedy ET. 1998. Maintaining Nutrition Security and Diet Quality: The Role of the Food Stamp Program and WIC. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 11:4-16. [Online]. Available: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/fenr%20v11n1&2/fenrv11n1&2p4.pdf [accessed July 25, 2004]. Batten S, Hirschman J, Thomas D. 1990. Impact of the special supplemental food program on infants. J Pediatr 117:S101-S109. Beaton GH. 1994. Approaches to analysis of dietary data: Relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology. Am J Clin Nutr 59:253S-261S.

REFERENCES 7-3 Beaton GH, Milner J, Corey P, McGuire V, Cousins M, Stewart E, de Ramos M, Hewitt D, Grambsch PV, Kassim N, Little JA. 1979. Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: Implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2546-2549. Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S. 1995. Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 126:191-197. Bayder N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E, McKinney P (Battelle, Seattle, WA). 1997. WIC Infant Feeding Practices Study. Final Report. Washington, DC: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/menu/published/wic/files/wicifps.pdf [accessed May 10, 2004]. Birch LL, Fisher JA. 1995. Appetite and eating behavior in children. Pediatric Clinics of North America 42:931-953. Birch LL, Marlin DW, Rotter J. 1984. Eating as the `means' activity in a contingency: Effects on young children's food preference. Child Dev 55:431-439. Birch LL, McPhee L, Shoba BC, Pirok E, Steinberg L. 1987. What kind of exposure reduces children's food neophobia? Looking vs. tasting. Appetite 9(3):171-178. Blisard N. 2001. Food Spending in American Households, 1997-98. ERS Statistical Bulletin No. 972. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb972/ [accessed May 24, 2004]. BLS, Department of Labor. 2003. Consumer Expenditures in 2001. BLS Report No. 966. Washington, DC: Department of Labor. [Online]. Available: http://www.bls.gov/cex/csxann01.pdf [accessed May 25, 2004]. Blumsohn A. 1999. Vitamin D concentrations in Asian children living in England. Concentrations found may be function of analytical methodology used. Br Med J 318:1417. Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. 2001. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. Jour- nal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 107:191-193. Bodnar LM, Scanlon KS, Freedman DS, Siega-Riz AM, Cogswell ME. 2001. High prevalence of postpar- tum anemia among low-income women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:438-443. Bodnar LM, Siega-Riz AM, Miller WC, Cogswell ME, McDonald T. 2002. Who should be screened for postpartum anemia? An evaluation of current recommendations. Am J Epidemiol 156:903-912. Bowman SA, Lin M, Gerrior SA, Basiotis PP (Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA). 1998. The Healthy Eating Index: 1994-96. Publication No. CNPP-5. Washington, DC: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/hei94-96.PDF [accessed April 18, 2004]. Branca F, Valtuena S, Vatuena S. 2001. Calcium, physical activity and bone health--Building bones for a stronger future. Public Health Nutr 4:117-123. Briefel RR, Bialostosky K, Kennedy-Stephenson J, McDowell MA, Ervin RB, Wright JD. 2000. Zinc intake of the U.S. population: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Nutr 130:1367S-73S. Briefel RR, Reidy K, Karwe V, Devaney B. 2004. Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: Improvements needed in meeting infant feeding recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc 104:S31-S37. Brown JE, Tieman P. 1986. Effect of income and WIC on the dietary intake of preschoolers: Results of a preliminary study. J Am Diet Assoc 86:1189-1191. Buescher PA, Horton SJ, Devaney BL, Roholt SJ, Lenihan AJ, Whitmire JT, Kotch JB. 2003. Child par- ticipation in WIC: Medicaid costs and use of health care services. Am J Public Health 93:145-150. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ. 2003. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Canada and the United States: Im- portance to health status and efficacy of current food fortification and dietary supplement use. Nutr Rev 61:107-113. Carmichael S, Abrams B, Selvin S. 1997. The pattern of maternal weight gain in women with good preg- nancy outcomes. Am J Public Health 87:1984-1988. Carriquiry AL. 1999. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutr 2:23-33. Carruth BR, Ziegler PJ, Gordon A, Barr SI. 2004. Prevalence of picky eaters among infants and toddlers and their caregivers' decisions about offering a new food. J Am Diet Assoc 104:S57-S64.

7-4 PROPOSED CRITERIA FORSELECTING THE WIC FOOD PACKAGES Casanueva E, Magana L, Pfeffer F, Baez A. 1991. Incidence of premature rupture of membranes in preg- nant women with low leukocyte levels of vitamin C. Eur J Clin Nutr 45:401-405. Caulfield LE, Witter FR, Stoltzfus RJ. 1996. Determinants of gestational weight gain outside the recom- mended ranges among black and white women. Obstet Gynecol 87:760-766. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). 1989. Criteria for anemia in children and childbearing- aged women. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 38:400-404. CDC. 1992. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41(RR-14). CDC. 1996. Nutritional status of children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children--United States, 1988-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 45:65-69. [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040033.htm [accessed June 2, 2004]. CDC. 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Re- comm Rep 47(RR-3):1-29. [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr4703.pdf [ac- cessed June 2, 2004]. CDC. 2000. Folate status in women of childbearing age--United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49:962-965. [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4942a4.htm [accessed June 2, 2004]. CDC. 2002. Iron deficiency--United States, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51(40):897-899. [Online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5140a1.htm [accessed June 2, 2004]. CDC. 2004. Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate--United States, 1995-1996 and 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53:362-365. CFSAN (Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition), FDA (Food and Drug Administration). March, 2001. An Important Message for Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Age Who May Be- come Pregnant About the Risks of Mercury in Fish. [Online]. Available: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg.html [accessed May 10, 2004]. CFSAN, FDA. September, 2003. Quantitative Assessment of Relative Risk to Public Health form Food- borne Listeria monocytogenes Among Selected Categories of Ready-to-Eat Foods. [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/lmr2-2.html [accessed May 11, 2004]. Chandran R (Economic Research Service, USDA). 2003. Effects of WIC Program Participation on Food Consumption and Diet Quality. Presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association An- nual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, July 27-30, 2003. Cleveland LE, Cook DA, Krebs-Smith SM, Friday J. 1997. Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1254S-1263S. Cleveland LE, Moshfegh AJ, Albertson AM, Goldman JD. 2000. Dietary intake of whole grains. J Am Coll Nutr 19:331S-338S. Cnattingius S, Bergstrom R, Lipworth L, Kramer MS. 1998. Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 338:147-152. CNPP (Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion), USDA. 1995. The Healthy Eating Index. Publication No. CNPP-1. Washington, DC: USDA. [Online]. Available: http://www.nalusda.gov/fnic/hei/hlthyeat.pdf [accessed April 18, 2004]. CNPP, USDA. 1999. Tips for Using the Food Guide Pyramid for Young Children 2 to 6 Years Old. Pro- gram Aid 1647.Washington, DC: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA. Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS, Fein SB, Schieve LA. 1999. Medically advised, mother's personal target, and actual weight gain during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 94:616-622. Cohen R, Mrtek MB, Mrtek RG. 1995. Comparison of maternal absenteeism and infant illness rates among breast-feeding and formula-feeding women in two corporations. Am J Health Promot 10:148-153.

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Started in 1974, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was designed to meet the special nutritional needs of low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, or postpartum women; infants; and children up to 5 years of age who have at least one nutritional risk factor. The WIC Program provides three main benefits: supplemental foods, nutrition education, and referrals to health and social services.

Since the inception of the WIC program, substantial changes in size and demographics of the population, food supply and dietary patterns, and health concerns have made it necessary to review the WIC food packages. Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages proposes priority nutrients and general nutrition recommendations for the WIC program, and recommends specific changes to the WIC packages.

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