solutions will require hardware and software changes. In many cases, we will have to design systems assuming that parts will fail. Unlike the current Web, however, we should seek to ensure that all systems mask almost all of those failures from users. By laying a more reliable foundation, we can expand the realms in which society can depend on information technology.

The last half-century has seen substantial computing advances and impacts on society. We expect the synergies just discussed to provide plenty of non-technical and technical challenges and opportunities. For society, the real information revolution may be coming soon. On the technical side, there is much work to be done. Arthur C. Clarke said, “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Let’s create some more magic!