Index
A
Abortion, 524
access to, 48
contraceptive use and, 218
data sources, 215
health risks in, 5, 48, 191, 215, 242, 244
motivation, 218
policy recommendations, 247
prevalence, 215-216
provider characteristics and selection, 217-218, 244
research needs, 249
self-induced, 216
time during gestation, 216-217, 244
gender role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580
globalization effects, 588
indicators of successful transition to adulthood, 3-4, 26, 416
role of school in preparation for, 70
succession of, in transition to adulthood, 27, 31, 416
Africa
abortion practices, 218
access to perinatal health care, 544, 545
age differences between spouses, 445-447, 448
age patterns of first parenthood, 509, 511, 512-514, 516, 518, 519, 548, 549, 578
challenges for young people, 596
child labor trends, 342
child marriage, 8
condom use, 183
contraceptive use, 5, 209-212, 243
demographic trends, 40-41
dowry and bridewealth practices, 462-463
economic growth, 2, 20, 37, 59, 325
family structure and function, 56, 57
female genital cutting in, 193
female-headed households, 324
HIV/AIDS mortality, 174
HIV/AIDS patterns and trends, 3, 5, 47, 174, 179-180, 181, 182, 577, 583-584
HIV awareness and knowledge, 182
injury mortality, 187-188
labor force participation, 579
marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 423-425, 427, 432, 437, 442, 450, 456, 460, 479
maternal mortality, 191
religious movements, 50
school participation and achievement, 3, 72, 73, 74, 76-77, 79, 81, 82-83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 102, 107, 108, 142
schooling for pregnant students, 545
sexual behaviors, 197-198, 200, 204, 206
time to first birth after marriage, 527
youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342
See also specific country
Agriculture, 326, 327, 331, 584-585
farm subsidies, 334-335
Alcohol abuse, 6, 226-227, 244.
See also Substance use
Argentina, 50
job training programs, 338
labor market trends, 328
school participation and performance, 92, 94
Armenia, 375
Asia, 595-596
access to perinatal health care, 544, 545
age differences between spouses, 448
age patterns of first parenthood, 511-512, 514, 516, 518, 519, 548, 549
child marriage, 8
demographic trends, 2, 18, 40-41
dowry and bridewealth practices, 462, 465, 466
economic growth, 2, 20, 37, 54, 59, 325-326, 580
group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587
HIV/AIDS mortality, 174
HIV awareness and knowledge, 182
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370
labor force participation, 278, 579
labor market trends, 7
marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 436, 460, 480
maternal mortality, 191
motor vehicle-related mortality, 188
organizational membership and participation, 386
premarital childbearing, 9
rates of return to schooling, 105, 332
school participation and achievement, 76-77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 107, 108, 142, 436
self-reported health assessments, 177-178
sexual behaviors, 197-198, 205
smoking patterns, 221
substance use, 244
time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529
youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342
See also specific country
B
Bangladesh
age differences between spouses, 447
HIV awareness and knowledge, 183
labor force participation, 278, 303-304
marriage patterns and trends, 418, 436, 438, 465-466, 473, 479
maternal mortality and morbidity, 192
reproductive health interventions, 238
school participation and performance, 95, 124-125, 129, 130-131, 136-137
Botswana
HIV infection, 182
premarital childbearing, 535
reproductive health interventions, 233
consequences of premature parenthood, 524
contraceptive use, 212
demographic trends, 319-322
HIV infection risk, 181
homicide rates, 190
labor force participation, 278
migration patterns, 313, 315-317
political attitudes and participation, 384, 411
rates of return to schooling, 105
reproductive health interventions, 231
school participation and achievement, 87, 92, 94-95, 98, 101, 128
sexual behaviors, 200
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
Breastfeeding, 543
Burkina Faso, 468-469
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
migration from, 315
school participation and achievement, 95
schoolgirl pregnancy, 540
C
Cameroon, 106
abortion practices in, 216, 217, 218
age of puberty, 194
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
citizenship participation, 377
contraceptive use, 212
marriage patterns and trends, 450
premarital childbearing, 535
reproductive health interventions, 233, 235
school participation and achievement, 95
schoolgirl pregnancy, 541
sexual behaviors, 200
Child labor
economic activity rates, 295
economic outcomes, 265-266
educational grants and subsidies to eliminate, 339-341, 343, 581
effective policy interventions, 332
family economic status and, 323-324, 334, 342
family size and, 324-325
health consequences, 297
international policies to eliminate, 333-334
long-term effects for workers, 301-302
mechanization of labor and, 331
national labor standards, 335-336
policy and program recommendations, 343
prevalence, 295-296
research recommendations, 344
schooling and, 297-301
Childbirth. See Pregnancy and childbirth
Chile, 399
consequences of premature parenthood, 524
job training programs, 338
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 373
maternal mortality and morbidity, 192
motor vehicle-related mortality, 189
political attitudes and participation, 384-385
reproductive health interventions, 231-232
school participation and performance, 87, 93, 94, 140-141
abortion practices in, 217-218
distorted sex ratios, 443-444
HIV infection patterns, 181, 242
influence of traditional norms and values, 51-52
labor force participation, 279
labor market trends, 328-329
marriage patterns and trends, 418, 419-420, 456, 459, 473
poverty rate, 63
rates of return to schooling, 104
reproductive health care, 48
school participation patterns, 72, 74
smoking behaviors, 223
suicide rate, 190
time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
alienation and disaffection, 350, 351, 406
attributes of successful transition, 346-347
community engagement, 391-397
concept of agency in, 351-352
data sources, 347-348, 368-370, 412-413
definitions and concepts of, 349-352
democratization trends, 39-40
economic status and, 350
gender differences, 404-406, 413, 414, 580-581
globalization and, 347, 350-351
human rights and, 352
inclusive societies, 351
as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 4, 26
institutional influences on, 397
international organizations and, 53, 353-356
interrelationship of developmental domains, 347
key findings, 412-413
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370-374, 400-401
livelihood enhancement programs, 402-403, 414
media influence, 408-411
military service and, 375, 406-407
national service and, 407-408
nonschool-based programs promoting, 400-403
organizational membership and participation, 385-390, 403, 413
policy recommendations, 413-414
political activism, 377-385
political party membership, 375-377
postcolonial conceptualization, 349-350
research recommendations, 414-415
rights and responsibilities of young people, 356-365, 412
role of school in preparation for, 70-71, 397-400, 413
self-perception and, 414
social relationships and, 349, 350
trust in institutions, 392-393, 396-397, 401, 413
volunteerism, 402
voting behaviors, 374
work and, 404-406
Colombia, 399
age patterns of first parenthood, 512
homicide rates, 190
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 373
labor market, 328-329
political attitudes and participation, 385
school participation and performance, 94, 128, 138
sexual behaviors, 208
Community-level context, 55-58
reproductive health interventions, 238-239
school administration, 131-132
school performance, 110
social engagement, 391-397
Conceptual framework, 32-63
analytical levels, 33-35
changes in transition to adulthood, 35
concept of causality in, 28-29, 35
concept of change in, 35
concept of global convergence, 58-63
contextual approach, 33-35
Condom use
access, 47-48
behavioral influences, 57
educational attainment and, 245
HIV infection risk and, 181, 183
mass media campaigns to promote, 233
patterns and trends, 5, 183-187, 243-244
peer educator program to promote, 58, 235
research needs, 250
workplace-based health promotion, 237-238
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 193
Contraceptive use, 5
abortion rate and, 218
age patterns, 213
behavioral influences, 57
educational attainment and, 209-212
patterns and trends, 48, 209-214, 243
peer educator programs to promote use of, 57-58, 235
policy recommendations, 246, 247
religious orientation and, 212
research needs, 249
school-based interventions to promote, 231-232
at sexual initiation, 212-213
sources of information, 57
urban residency and, 212
See also Condom use
Costa Rica, 87
alcohol consumption, 226
HIV infection risk, 181
Côte d’Ivoire
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
marriage patterns and trends, 450
school participation and achievement, 95
Country income
age patterns of first parenthood and, 518
demand for labor and, 325-327
Criminal justice system
public attitudes and beliefs, 396-397
rights of young people, 356-357
Criteria for successful transition to adulthood, 3-4, 26, 168, 169, 346-347, 416, 506-507
Cyprus, 93
D
Data collection
abortion practices, 215
access to national censuses and surveys, 591-592
analytical strategy, 27-29
citizenship participation, 347-348, 368-370, 412-413
contextual specification, 589-590, 593-594
cross-sectional surveys, 590
data quality assessment, 591
employment, 28, 268, 269, 273, 279-287
evaluation of programs and policies, 22, 30, 581-582, 585, 594-595
experimental research, 27-29
gaps in current knowledge base, 585-589
health status, 248
marriage trends and characteristics, 417-419
mortality, 173-174
parenthood, 507
recommendations for, 12-13, 589-595
research designs, 594-595
school performance, 118-120
school policy outcomes, 141-142
school research needs, 146-147
sexual behavior, 195, 196, 200, 248
sexual coercion, 205
smoking behaviors, 219-221
sources of transition data, 28, 29, 30, 71-72, 90
Democratization, 39-40, 52, 580-581
Demographic patterns
age differences between spouses, 444-450, 480
age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515
challenges for developing countries, 44-45
child dependency ratios, 41
childbearing age, 8-9
distorted sex ratios in Asia, 443-444
dowry practices and, 465
employment patterns, 7
family size and structure trends, 18, 41-42, 98
population growth, 3
regional distribution, 17-18, 40
research needs, 586
supply of entry-level labor, 319-322, 341-342
urban populations, 43-44
young population, 2, 17-18, 40
Depression, 176-177
Disability-adjusted life years, 175-176
Discrimination
against women, in marriage, 481, 482
in employment, 330-331, 333, 587
research recommendations, 344
school policy recommendations, 145
in schooling, 139-140
See also Gender discrimination
Divorce, 364-365, 416-417, 464
Djibouti, 193
Dominican Republic, 94, 370, 384
Dowry, 460-461, 462, 464-466, 481, 482
E
Early phase of transition
definition, 23
school participation patterns, 72
Economic growth
demand for labor and, 322, 325-327
educational attainment and, 45, 143
globalization outcomes, 20, 36-37
labor market trends and, 7, 41
marriage patterns and, 473
prerequisites for individual opportunity, 18
rates of return to schooling and, 104, 143
regional differences, 2-3, 20-21, 54, 58-59, 580
structural reforms for, 326-327
worker health and, 172
See also Country income;
Poverty
Ecuador, 406
labor force participation, 278
reproductive health interventions, 234
Educational attainment and performance
availability of teaching resources and, 137
child labor and, 301
class size and, 135-137
contraceptive use and, 209-212, 245
by country, 162-167
critical thinking skills, 578
data sources, 90
early childbearing and, 518-519
employment outcomes, 6-7, 18, 68, 103, 105, 129, 266-267, 310, 329, 341, 342
family factors, 97-99
gender differences, 4, 83-84, 87, 88, 92, 95, 139, 142, 145-146, 162-167, 580
by grade, 164-165
HIV and, 187
household wealth and, 102
marriage behavior and, 106, 434-437, 480
marriage patterns and, 425-427
political knowledge and participation and, 400-401
postsecondary education, 88, 104, 166-167
recommendations to improve, 145-146
school voucher program outcomes, 140-141
sexual behavior and, 10-11, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 577, 584
standardized test scores, 91-96, 143, 147
teacher factors, 138-139
technological advancement and, 331-332
trends, 83-88, 95-96, 341, 578
See also School attendance
age of puberty, 194
female genital cutting in, 193
labor force participation, 278, 303, 305-307, 331
marriage patterns and trends, 441, 442-443
maternal mortality and morbidity, 192
public works employment, 339
school participation and performance, 95, 96, 116, 122, 130, 132
vocational education programs, 337-338
Employment. See Labor force participation;
Work
Europe, central and eastern
substance use, 244
F
Families
child dependency ratios, 41
determinants of labor participation, 324-325
determinants of school participation and performance, 97-99
differences in size and structure, 55-56, 98-99
female household headship, 324-325
household manager role, 31
household work burden, 270, 272-273, 298-299, 324-325, 340
influence of, in transition to adulthood, 55, 56-57, 58
intrafamilial resource allocation, 586
living arrangements of newly married couples, 467-469
school expectations, 96
trends in size and structure, 18, 41-42, 324
See also Household wealth;
Parenthood
Family planning services, 545
Feminist thought, 351, 373-374
G
Gender differences
age patterns of first parenthood, 508-509
citizenship participation, 404-406, 413
conceptualization of success in transition to adulthood, 25
contraceptive use, 48, 212-213
discrimination. See Gender discrimination
effects of double shift school schedule, 132
employment patterns and trends, 6, 267-268, 404-405
equal rights outcomes, 25
globalization effects, 35-36
health risks, 169
HIV/AIDS mortality, 5
HIV infection patterns, 179, 180-181, 242
HIV infection risk factors, 181
homicide, 189-190
household work participation, 270-273, 580
knowledge and interest in politics, 7, 370-372, 373-374, 413, 580-581
labor force participation, 273-279, 302-308
legal rights, 364-365
leisure time, 390
military service, 406-407
policy and program recommendations to improve equality, 11, 583
preparation for employment, 266
role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580
school enrollment grant and subsidy programs, 124-125
school expectations, 96
school participation and achievement, 4, 45-46, 72-73, 74, 76-79, 80-81, 82, 83-84, 87, 88, 92, 95, 98-99, 139, 142-143, 148-167, 580, 586
sexual behaviors, 195, 203-204, 208
smoking behaviors, 221-222, 244
suicide rates, 190
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
unemployment, 310
work-school time use patterns, 270-273, 341
See also Women’s issues
Gender discrimination
school eligibility rules, 123
school policy recommendations, 145-146
teacher attitudes, 114-116, 139
Genital cutting, female, 193-194, 482-483
Georgia, 370
Ghana, 108
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
marriage patterns and trends, 450
reproductive health interventions, 235
Globalization
citizenship participation and, 347, 350-351
conceptual framework for studying transitions to adulthood, 33-36
distribution of outcomes, 1, 20-21, 32-33, 37-38, 39, 58-63
implications for education, 38, 46, 89, 143
implications for health, 170
implications for transition to adulthood, 1, 17, 32-33
individual differences in effects of, 35-36
influence of transnational organizations and agreements, 52-53
labor markets and, 38, 265-266, 587
national governance and, 53-55
political attitudes and, 381
research needs, 588-589
technology development and diffusion, 38-39
trade policies, 12
in transmission of cultural values, 49
Grants and subsidies, educational, 124-129, 144, 300-301, 339-341, 343
Guatemala
age differences between spouses, 447
consequences of premature parenthood, 524
maternal mortality and morbidity, 192
sexual behaviors, 201
Guinea, 57
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
reproductive health interventions, 233
Guineau-Bissau, 192
H
Health, 168-250.
See also Mental health;
Physical health;
Reproductive health
HIV/AIDS, 19
access to care, 47
age at sexual initiation and, 199-200
challenges for sub-Saharan Africa, 3, 47, 170, 596
disability-related life years, 176
gender differences, 179, 180-181, 242
implications for childbearing decisions, 543, 586
infection rates, 179-181
interventions to prevent, 236, 237-238, 246-247
mortality, 5, 47, 173, 174, 577, 583-584
policy recommendations, 246-247
public knowledge, 182-183
research needs, 586
risk factors, 179, 181-182, 187, 243
sexual behavior and, 179, 181-182, 204
Honduras, 94
Household wealth
consequences of premature parenthood, 523-524
discrimination in schools based on, 139-140
intrafamilial resource allocation, 586
labor force participation and, 323, 342
living arrangements of newly married couples, 467-469
marriage patterns and, 420-421, 422, 425-427
mortality and morbidity risk and, 245
rates of return to schooling, 103-106, 143
school attendance and, 75-76, 79, 80, 102, 123, 142-143, 145
See also Poverty
Human rights
citizenship conceptualization, 352
UN conventions and agreements, 353-355
I
India
age of puberty, 194
economic growth, 37
employment assistance programs, 338-339
employment patterns, 308-310
family structure and influence, 56
HIV infection, 242
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370
labor force participation, 279
marriage patterns and trends, 443-444, 456, 459, 473, 478
poverty rate, 63
rates of return to schooling, 104, 331, 332
reproductive health care, 48, 240
school participation and performance, 72, 74, 77-78, 99, 136, 141, 144
sexual behaviors, 204, 206, 208
smoking patterns, 221
social significance of childbirth in marriage, 529-530
time to first birth after marriage, 529
time use patterns, 272
vocational education programs, 337
Indonesia, 541
abortion practices, 217
marriage patterns and trends, 454, 455, 456-457, 459
school participation and performance, 92, 93, 104, 130
sexual behaviors, 197
Information technology, 18, 19
civic role, 408
labor market, 39
policy recommendations, 414
Inheritance laws, 364-365
Injury mortality, 175, 187-190
International Labour Organization, 23, 295-296, 333
International governance, 52-53, 54-55
International organizations. See Nongovernmental organizations;
United Nations
Internet, 18, 19, 39, 408-409, 411, 414
Iran, 93
political environment, 377-380
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
Israel, 136
J
Japan, 375
Java, 454
K
community connectedness, 393-396
demographic trends, 319-321
health intervention in schools, 134
marriage patterns and trends, 436, 450, 456, 463-464
migration patterns, 313-315
premarital childbearing, 535
reproductive health interventions, 238
school participation and performance, 95, 96, 114-116, 123, 124, 133, 137, 138-139
schoolgirl pregnancy, 540, 541
sexual behaviors, 203, 206, 208
time use patterns, 272
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
L
Labor force participation, 269, 331, 579
age of labor force entry, 6, 18, 41, 341
family factors, 324-325
gender differences, 273-279, 302-308
marriage and, 437-442
poverty and, 322-324
See also Work
Later phase of transition, 23
Latin America and Caribbean
abortion practices in, 216, 218
access to mass media, 49
access to perinatal health care, 544
age patterns of first parenthood, 509, 511, 512, 514, 516-519, 548-549
condom use, 183
contraceptive use, 5, 209, 243
demographic trends, 2, 40-41, 319
economic growth, 2, 37, 59, 325, 326, 580
employment patterns, 311
group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587
HIV/AIDS mortality, 174
HIV awareness and knowledge, 182
HIV infection patterns, 180-181
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370, 372-373
labor force participation, 579
labor market trends, 7, 341-342
marriage patterns and trends, 418, 420, 421, 423-425, 437, 480, 580
marriage trends and patterns, 419
maternal mortality, 191
organizational membership and participation, 386-387
political attitudes and participation, 381-384
population growth, 18
poverty rate, 63
premarital childbearing, 9, 525, 530-533, 549
religious movements, 50
school participation and achievement, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94-95, 102, 125
school participation and performance, 72, 74
schooling for pregnant students, 545
self-reported health assessments, 178
sexual behaviors, 197-198, 206
time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529
trust in institutions, 392-393
See also specific country
Law enforcement, 357
public attitudes and beliefs, 396-397
Leisure time, 390
Livelihood enhancement programs, 402-403, 414
M
age differences between spouses, 444-450, 480, 580
age trends and patterns, 8, 243, 417-418, 419, 421-427, 454, 467, 473, 479-480, 580, 588
arranged, 56, 454-456, 457, 459, 481
bridewealth/bride-price, 462-464, 481, 482
causes for delay in, 427-444, 480, 588
consanguineous, 460-461
cost of, 442-443
definition, 417-418
distorted sex ratios and, 443-444
divorce risk, 416-417
dowries, 460-461, 462, 464-466, 481, 482
economic status and, 420-421, 422, 425-427, 467
educational attainment and, 106, 425-427, 434-437
freedom of choice in, 453-454, 482
HIV infection risk and, 181, 243, 443
as indicator of adulthood, 24, 416
key findings, 479-481
labor force participation and, 437-442
legal age for, 469-472, 473, 481-482
living arrangements after, 467-469
outcomes of early marriage, 469
policy recommendations, 481-483
polygyny, 450-453
research recommendations, 483-484
risk factors in later age of, 18-19
rural-urban residence and, 425-427
sequencing of parenthood in, 525
spousal selection process, 454-460, 481
strategies for raising age of, 472-479, 481, 482
time to childbearing, 8, 527-529
Mass media, 50
alcohol promotion, 244
citizenship participation and, 408-411
globalization and, 4
marriage patterns and trends and, 443
sexual and reproductive health campaigns, 232-234
smoking promotion, 48, 170, 240-241
utilization, 409
Mental health, 243
as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26
morbidity, 176-177
physical health and, 177
research needs, 249
self-reported life satisfaction, 177-178
sexual coercion outcomes, 206-208
See also Self-perception
Mexico
abortion rate, 216
age differences between spouses, 447
alcohol consumption, 226
child labor in, 327
consequences of premature parenthood, 524
demographic trends, 319-321
HIV infection risk, 181
labor market trends, 328
migration from, 315
motor vehicle-related mortality, 189
political attitudes and participation, 384
premarital childbearing, 535
reproductive health interventions, 238
school participation and performance, 92, 94, 125-128, 136-137, 340
time use patterns, 270
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
vocational education programs, 337
Middle East
age differences between spouses, 447
age patterns of first parenthood, 511, 512, 514-515, 516, 518, 548-549
contraceptive use, 243
economic growth, 580
group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587
HIV/AIDS mortality, 174
labor force participation, 579
marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 460
maternal mortality, 191
premarital childbearing, 9, 525
religious movements, 50-51
school participation and achievement, 72, 76, 77, 79, 88
time to first birth after marriage, 529
youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342
Middle phase of transition
definition, 23
school attendance patterns, 72-73
Migration
motivation, 315
rural to urban, 315-317
for work, 311-317
See also Urbanization
Military service, 337, 356, 357-364, 375, 406-408
child soldiers, 407
Millennium Development Goals. See United Nations, Millennium Development Goals
Mortality and morbidity
alcohol-related, 226
child labor outcomes, 297
consequences of premature parenthood, 522
data sources, 28
disability-adjusted life years, 175-176
economic vulnerability, 245
HIV/AIDS, 5, 47, 173, 174, 176, 577, 583-584
life expectancy, 46, 47, 171-172
maternal, 191-194, 242, 519-522, 543, 578, 583-584
projections, 173
regional differences, 173-174
trends, 46-47, 171-179, 191-192, 241-242
See also Injury mortality
Motor vehicle accidents, 48, 242, 248
injury prevention, 189
trends, 189
Mozambique, 182
N
Namibia, 231
National income. See Country income
Nepal
age patterns of first parenthood, 512
child labor laws, 335-336
dowry practices, 465
marriage patterns and trends, 473
sexual behaviors, 197
gang membership, 387
time use patterns, 272
Nigeria, 468-469
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
consequences of premature parenthood, 524
marriage patterns and trends, 425, 442, 450, 463
premarital childbearing, 535, 536
reproductive health interventions, 231, 235
sexual behaviors, 208
Nongovernmental organizations, 19, 52, 53
political and civics programs, 400-403
youth citizenship activism programs, 355-356
See also United Nations
Nutrition
health status trends, 172
school feeding programs, 134
school participation and, 99-100, 134
O
On-the-job training, 329-330
P
Pakistan
child labor in, 300
demographic trends, 319-321
labor force participation, 303
marriage patterns and trends, 455, 457
school participation and performance, 71, 72, 96, 100, 108, 131, 132, 135
time use patterns, 272
Palestine, 402
Panama, 87
age patterns and trends, 508-515, 516-519, 548-549, 552-563, 588
arranged marriages, 454-456, 457, 459
contextual influences, 507-508, 515-516, 536
data sources, 507
determinants of child school participation, 100-101
determinants of success in, 506-507
early childbearing in rural and urban areas, 518, 519
economic outcomes, 523-524
educational attainment of young mothers, 518-519
effectiveness of interventions, 550
influence on child outcomes, 56, 507
key findings, 548-549
newborn and infant health, 522
policies and programs to promote successful transition to, 545-548
policy recommendations, 549-550
premarital, 507, 525-527, 530-536, 549, 568-571
premature, consequences of, 507, 515, 519-525
reproductive health interventions, 237
research needs, 549, 551, 587, 588
sequencing of first birth, 527-529
social context, 529-530
See also Pregnancy and childbirth
Peer influence, 57
peer educator interventions, 57-58, 235
Peru, 468-469
reproductive health interventions, 235
school participation and performance, 92, 137
Philippines, 331
age differences between spouses, 447
school participation and performance, 93, 100, 138
sexual behaviors, 197
smoking behaviors, 223
challenges for young people, 5-6, 47-48, 170-171
conceptualization of successful transition, 169
contextual factors influencing, 170
economic benefits, 172
effectiveness of programs and policies, 227-228
gender-mediated risk factors, 169
health behaviors, 170-171, 227, 234-235
as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26
interaction with other aspects of transition, 47
key findings, 241-245
mental health linkage, 177
normal changes in maturation, 168-169, 194-195
policy and program recommendations, 11, 583-584
regional differences, 170, 179
research recommendations, 248-250
role in successful transition to adulthood, 168
school attendance as protective factor, 577
school-based interventions, 134
school demand related to overall improvement in, 99-100
trends, 5, 18, 46-47, 170, 171-179, 241-242, 577
vaccination programs, 134
young people’s self-assessment, 177-178
See also HIV/AIDS;
Mortality and morbidity;
Reproductive health
Political context, 39-40
activism among young people, 377-385
civic participation promotion programs, 400
decentralization, 55
education in, 397-398
influence of religion, 50-51
international governance, 52-53, 54-55
knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370-374, 400-401, 413
organizational membership and participation, 386
party membership, 375-377
trust in institutions, 392-393, 396-397
unemployment, 406
voting behaviors, 374
See also Citizenship
Polygyny, 450-453
Poverty
associated risks, 10, 579, 582, 586
international trade policies and, 12
labor force participation and, 322-324, 343
as obstacle to successful transitions, 4, 579, 596
patterns and trends, 3, 4, 20, 60-63, 324, 579
policy and program recommendations, 9-10, 582-583
regional differences, 20-21, 58, 63, 579
research needs, 586
school participation and, 145, 146, 343
Pregnancy and childbirth
access to health services, 544-545, 550
age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515, 516-519, 578, 580
age-related outcomes, 192-193
among working women, 541-543
data sources, 28
female genital cutting and, 193
health care trends, 48
health risks in, 5, 11, 48, 191, 544
HIV infection prevalence, 182
morbidity and mortality, 191-194, 242, 578
policy and program recommendations, 247, 550
premarital, 9, 525-527, 530-536, 549, 568-571
school participation and, 524, 536, 538-541, 545, 550
social significance of, in marriage, 529-530
time to first birth after marriage, 527-529, 566-567
trends and patterns, 8-9, 48, 59
Property rights, 364-365
Puberty, 168-169, 170-171, 194-195
R
Rape. See Sexual violence and coercion
Regional differences, 19-20
access to mass media, 49, 408-409, 411
age at marriage, 421-426
age differences between spouses, 447-448
age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515, 516-519, 552-563
AIDS/HIV infection, 179-181
AIDS/HIV mortality, 174
Asian economies, 54
convergence trends, 58-62, 579-580
globalization effects, 1, 20-21, 32-33, 37-38
homicides, 190
influence of global culture, 49, 50, 51
legal age for marriage, 469-472
marriage patterns and trends, 417, 486-505
mortality, 173-174, 188-189, 191
premarital childbearing, 525-527, 530-533, 564-566, 568-571
rights and responsibilities of young people, 356-365
school participation and achievement, 4
self-reported life satisfaction, 177-178
sexual coercion, 205-206
sexual initiation, 197-199
smoking behaviors, 221, 252-261
substance use, 225-226
suicide rates, 190
technology access, 39
time to first birth after marriage, 566-567
Religious belief and practice
contraceptive use and, 212
educational system and, 71
fundamentalist factions, 50-51
organizational membership and participation, 386, 392, 393-396
political influence, 50-51
sexual behavior and, 200-201
smoking risk and, 223
trends, 50
Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies
comprehensive youth development programs, 239-240
evaluation of, 22, 229-230, 245, 249, 581-582
implementation trends, 228-229
individual differences and, 246
media and social marketing programs, 232-234
multicomponent community-based programs, 238-239, 245, 246-247, 577, 582
outcomes, 245
peer promotion interventions, 57-58, 235
programs for parents, 237
recommendations, 11-12, 245-247, 583-584
research needs, 249-250
school-based, 11-12, 230-232, 245-246
workplace-based, 237-238
youth center-based, 236
youth-friendly health services, 234-235
Reproductive health, 31
access to services, 47-48
age of puberty, 194-195
challenges for young people, 5-6
as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26
research needs, 585-586
See also Condom use;
Contraceptives;
Pregnancy and childbirth;
Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies;
Sexual behavior;
Sexually-transmitted disease
Rural areas
access to schools, 107-108
community school program, 131-132
marriage patterns and trends, 425
residential characteristics of young mothers, 518, 519
school attendance patterns, 78-79, 102-103, 124, 156-159
Russia
HIV infection risk, 181
homicide rates, 190
smoking patterns, 221
Rwanda, 450
S
Scholarships, 128-129
School attendance
abortion decision based on, 218
by age, 74
child labor and, 297-301
country income level and, 46, 72, 73, 74, 76-78, 143, 152-155
current patterns, 72-74, 148-161
feeding programs and, 134
gender differences, 4, 46, 72-73, 74, 76-79, 80-81, 82, 98-99, 142-143, 148-161, 580
grade level and, 74
grant and subsidy programs, 4, 124-129, 144, 300-301, 339-341, 343, 581
health and nutrition factors, 99-100, 134
by household wealth, 75-76, 79, 80
household wealth and, 102, 142-143, 145
implications for health, 577
key findings, 142-143
literacy rates and, 90-91
parental schooling and, 100-101
policies and regulations, 122-123
postsecondary, 166-167
pregnancy and, 524, 536, 538-541, 545, 550
recommendations to improve, 144-145
reproductive health and, 10-11, 584
research needs, 586
rural-urban differences, 78-79, 102-103, 156-159
school fees and, 123-124
sexual behavior and, 10-11, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 247, 250, 577, 584, 585-586
time use patterns, 270-273
trends, 4, 45, 46, 79-83, 142, 578, 579
See also Educational attainment and performance;
Schooling
access to schools, 5, 45-46, 107-109, 130-133, 143
administrative structure and function, 118, 131-132, 146
alternative and nonformal schools, 130-131, 147
citizenship training, 70-71, 397-400, 413
community involvement, 110, 131-132, 146
cultural development and, 70
curriculum characteristics, 112, 137-138
demand, 68-69, 96, 99, 122-129
discriminatory practice in, 139-140
double shifting, 132
economic benefits, 45, 46, 143
evaluations of existing programs and policies, 146, 581
expectations of students and families, 96
feeding programs, 134
gender role socialization in, 70, 114-116
health interventions in schools, 134, 170, 230-232, 245-246
implications of globalization, 38, 46, 143
key findings, 142-144
language of instruction, 112-113, 137-138, 147
length of school day, 134
military service training, 406
Millennium Development Goals, 89, 144, 583
new school construction, 130
parental influence on outcomes, 56
policy and program recommendations, 10, 144-146, 583
political context, 397-398
pressure for reform, 46, 68-69, 106-107, 144
private schools and tutoring, 108-109, 128, 131, 143-144
provider accountability, 146
quality, 5, 111-113, 133-142, 144-145, 203, 247, 250, 587-588
rates of return, 103-106, 507, 578-579
religious training and, 71
research needs, 587-588
research recommendations, 146-147
right to, 398
role in successful transition to adulthood, 10, 46, 67, 68, 145
school performance evaluations, 118-120, 141-142
sex education, 11, 214, 231-232, 245-246
sexual behavior and, 11-12
social development and, 70, 113-116
student-teacher ratios, 110-111, 112, 135-137
systemic reform, 581
teacher absenteeism, 135
teacher compensation, 110
transitions to labor market, 287-291
trends, 4-5, 18, 45, 46, 143-144
vocational education/training, 337-338, 344
voucher programs, 128-129, 140-141
See also Educational attainment and performance;
School attendance
Self-perception, 414
abortion and, 524
indicators of successful transition to adulthood, 4, 26
life satisfaction, 177-178
research needs, 588
age of puberty, 194
age patterns of first parenthood, 514
marriage patterns and trends, 442, 463
reproductive health interventions, 238
school participation and achievement, 95
Sexual behavior
arranged marriage and, 454, 459-460
community characteristics and, 391-392
contraceptive knowledge and use, 209-214
data sources, 195, 196, 200, 248
developmental context, 194
global cultural influence, 49-50, 197
health risks, 194
HIV infection risk, 179, 181-182, 204, 577
initiation, 6, 47, 195-203, 212-213, 243, 530
mental health as risk factor, 177, 243
policy and program recommendations to influence, 11-12, 584
religious orientation and, 200-201
risky behaviors, 203-204
schooling and, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 247, 250, 577, 584, 585-586
trends in, 6, 47, 197-199, 243, 530, 578
urban residence and, 200
violent/coercive, 204-208, 243, 250
See also Condom use;
Contraceptives;
Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies;
Reproductive health;
Sexually-transmitted disease
Sexual violence and coercion, 204-208, 243, 250
Sexually-transmitted disease
prevalence, 181-182
preventive interventions, 231, 236, 237-238
risks for young people, 5-6
See also Condom use;
HIV/AIDS
Smoking, 219-225
cessation desires, 223
community connectedness and, 391-392
data sources, 219-221
dependence, 219
economic influences, 223
facilitating factors, 219
gender differences, 221-222, 244
initiation, 219
marketing to young people, 48, 170, 240-241
mortality and morbidity, 219, 223
patterns and trends, 252-261
policies and programs to reduce, 241
policy recommendations, 247
research needs, 250
social context factors, 223
Social relations
community engagement, 391-397
employment as obstacle to, 405
gang membership, 387
organizational membership and participation, 385-390, 403
peer influences, 57-58, 399-400
socialization in schools, 399-400
See also Traditional norms and values
Somalia, 193
South Africa, 380
age differences between spouses, 447
employment patterns, 310-311
marriage patterns and trends, 425
rates of return to schooling, 105
reproductive health interventions, 231, 232, 233
school participation and performance, 93, 135-136, 140
schoolgirl pregnancy, 540
time use patterns, 272
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
Sports programs, 403
Substance use, 48
addiction risk, 226
community connectedness and, 391-392
facilitating factors, 219
HIV infection risk, 179, 181, 244
initiation, 226
regional differences, 225-226
research needs, 249
See also Alcohol abuse
Suicide, 175, 190-191, 242, 249
Suriname, 278
Swaziland, 182
T
Taiwan, 459
Tanzania
abortion practices in, 217
child labor in, 298
reproductive health interventions, 239
school participation and performance, 108, 124, 133
sexual behaviors, 206
Tax policy
farm subsidies, 334-335
to improve labor conditions, 343
Technology development and diffusion, 38-39, 331-332.
See also Information technology
demographic trends, 319-321
marriage trends and patterns, 455
reproductive health interventions, 236, 237-238
school participation and performance, 92, 93
sexual behaviors, 197
Time use, 270-273
Trade policy, 54
demand for labor and, 326
to improve labor conditions, 12, 333-334, 343, 584
recommendations for, 584-585
Traditional norms and values
conceptualization of success in transition to adulthood and, 25
in determining access to benefits of globalization, 37
gender role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580
globalization and, 1, 33, 49-50, 381
influence of families, 55-57, 58
political attitudes and participation, 381
schools in maintenance of, 113-114
sexual initiation and, 195
See also Religious belief and practice
Transition to adulthood
challenges for policymakers, 21, 575-576
challenges for young people in, 1, 18, 19, 168, 170-171
changes in adolescence, 168-169
concept of causality in, 28-29
conceptual framework, 22, 27, 28, 30-31, 32-36
current knowledge base, 21-22, 30
definitions and terminology, 23-24
developmental context, 24-25
evaluation of existing programs and policies to enhance, 22, 30, 581-582, 585, 594-595
globalization and, 1, 17, 32-33, 36-53
group identification and, 586-587
interrelationship of developmental domains, 22-23, 585, 595
local community factors, 55-58
national factors, 53-54
phases of, 23
policy and program recommendations, 9-12, 582-585
qualities of effective programs and policies, 4, 9, 582
recommendations for research, 12-13, 589-592
research methodology, 27-30
sociocultural context, 25-26, 169
succession of roles in, 26, 31, 506, 593
Transportation, 18
educational costs, 111
technological advances, 38-39
Trinidad, 472
Trust, in institutions, 392-393, 396-397, 401, 413
U
Uganda, 123-124
abortion rate, 216
condom use, 183-187
female genital cutting in, 193
HIV awareness and knowledge, 183
marriage patterns and trends, 450, 464
sexual behaviors, 208
Unemployment, 308-311, 341-342, 405-406
United Nations, 52
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 481, 482
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 19, 23, 52-53, 295, 398, 408, 481, 482
conventions and agreements on rights of young people, 353-355, 364
data collections, 591
international agreements, 52
Millennium Development Goals, 9-10, 20, 89, 144, 327-328, 343, 575, 582, 583
Urbanization, 18
challenges for developing countries, 43-44
contraceptive use and, 212
demand for labor and, 327
national political relationships and, 55
population trends, 43-44
residential characteristics of young mothers, 518, 519
rural migration, 315-317
school attendance and, 78-79, 102-103
sexual behavior and, 200
substance use and, 6
V
Vaccination programs, 134, 172
Vietnam
child labor in, 300
HIV infection risk, 181
labor force participation, 323
school participation and achievement, 102
transitions from school to labor market, 288-291
Violence, 242
attitudes toward government institutions and, 396-397
exposure, 49
Volunteerism, 402
Voting rights, 256
Vouchers, school, 128-129, 140-141
W
child soldiers, 406-407
mortality, 189
willingness of young people to serve in military, 375
See also Military service
Women’s issues
causes for delay in marriage, 427-441
citizenship participation, 351, 405, 414
consanguineous marriage, 461
female household headship, 324-325
genital cutting, 193-194, 482-483
motivation to work, 302, 305-307
parenting responsibilities, 507
policy and program recommendations to improve equality, 11, 583
smoking promotion, 240-241
UN conventions and agreements, 354-355
workplace discrimination, 330
See also Gender differences;
Pregnancy and childbirth
challenges for young people, 7, 579
challenges to effective intervention, 332
child dependency ratios and, 41
childbearing patterns among working women, 541-543
citizenship and, 404-406
classifications of, 269-270
data sources, 28, 268, 269, 273, 279-287
demand for labor, 322, 325-332
determinants of, 318-319
development assistance and, 343
discrimination in, 330-331
educational attainment and, 6-7, 45, 46, 68, 103, 105, 266-267, 329, 341, 342
family size and, 324-325
gender differences, 6, 266-268, 270-279, 310
globalization effects, 38, 265-266, 587
government regulation and, 12, 584
household work participation, 270-273, 580
informal labor markets, 328, 329
international policies affecting, 332-335, 343
job registries, 338-339
key findings, 341-342
marriage behaviors and, 437-442
migration for, 311-317
military service as, 337
military service training, 406
minimum wage laws, 335
national economic factors, 325-327
national standards and regulations, 335-336, 343, 356
on-the-job training, 329-330
opportunities for decent and productive work, 327-330
patterns and trends, 7, 18, 270-279, 302-308, 341, 579, 580
policy and program recommendations, 12, 342-344, 584-585
population growth and, 44-45, 341-342
promoting youth employment, policies and programs for, 336-339
in public works projects, 339
requirements for successful transition, 265, 268
research needs, 587
research recommendations, 268, 344-345
self-employment, 339
supply of labor, 318, 319-325, 341-342
technological advancement and, 39, 331-332
time use patterns, 270-273
transitions from school to, 287-291
unemployment, 308-311, 341-342, 405-406
urbanization trends and, 43-44
vocational education/training, 337-338, 344
workplace-based health promotion, 237-238
See also Child labor;
Labor force participation
World Health Organization, 23
Y
Yemen, 472
Young people, defined, 23
Z