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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

growing up GLOBAL

THE CHANGING TRANSITIONS TO ADULTHOOD IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries

Cynthia B. Lloyd, Editor

Committee on Population

Board on Children, Youth, and Families

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by a cooperative agreement between the National Academy of Sciences and the United States Agency for International Development (CCP-3078-A-00-5024) and from grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and The World Bank. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries.

Growing up global : the changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries / Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries ; Cynthia B. Lloyd, editor ; Committee on Population [and] Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-309-09528-X (pbk.)—ISBN 0-309-54739-3 (pdf) 1. Young adults—Developing countries. 2. Youth—Developing countries. 3. Adulthood—Developing countries. 4. School-to-work transition—Developing countries. I. Lloyd, Cynthia B., 1943- II. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Population. III. National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Children, Youth, and Families. IV. Title.

HQ799.8.D45N37 2005

305.242′09172′4—dc22

2005002187

Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
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Copyright 2005 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Suggested citation: National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2005). Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Cynthia B. Lloyd, ed. Committee on Population and Board on Children, Youth, and Families. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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PANEL ON TRANSITIONS TO ADULTHOOD IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

CYNTHIA B. LLOYD (Chair),

Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York

CARLOS E. ARAMBURÚ,

Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social, Lima, Peru

NAN MARIE ASTONE,

Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University

KAUSHIK BASU,

Department of Economics, Cornell University

JERE R. BEHRMAN,

Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania

ANASTASIA J. GAGE,

Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University

SHIREEN J. JEJEEBHOY,

Population Council, New Delhi, India

RICHARD JESSOR,

Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder

BARTHÉLÉMY KUATE-DEFO,

Department of Demography, University of Montreal

DAVID A. LAM,

Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

ROBERT J. MAGNANI,

Family Health International, Arlington, VA

BARBARA S. MENSCH,

Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York

SUSHEELA SINGH,

The Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York

NELLY P. STROMQUIST,

School of Education, University of Southern California

Liaison to Committee on Adolescent Health and Development

ROBERT BLUM,

Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University

National Research Council Staff

VALERIE DURRANT, Study Director*

RANDY BULATAO, Senior Program Officer

BARNEY COHEN, Director, Committee on Population

CHRISTINE COVINGTON-CHEN, Senior Program Assistant

*  

Until September 2003

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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HOLLY REED, Program Officer

ANTHONY S. MANN, Senior Program Assistant

Consultants to the Panel

ANN BLANC,

Blancroft Research International, New York

MONICA GRANT,

Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York

AMANDA RITCHIE, Consultant

NISHA VARIA, Consultant

JONATHAN ZAFF, Consultant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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COMMITTEE ON POPULATION

KENNETH W. WACHTER (Chair),

Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley

ELLEN BRENNAN-GALVIN,

School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University

JANET CURRIE,

Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles

JOHN N. HOBCRAFT,

Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics

CHARLES B. KEELY,

Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University

DAVID I. KERTZER,

Department of Anthropology, Brown University

DAVID A. LAM,

Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

CYNTHIA B. LLOYD,

Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York

DOUGLAS S. MASSEY,

Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University

RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT,

Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine

JAMES W. VAUPEL,

Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

LINDA J. WAITE,

Department of Sociology, University of Chicago

ROBERT J. WILLIS,

Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

BARNEY COHEN, Director

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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BOARD ON CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES

MICHAEL I. COHEN (Chair),

Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

JAMES A. BANKS,

Center for Multicultural Education, University of Washington, Seattle

THOMAS DEWITT,

Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Cincinnati

MARY JANE ENGLAND,

Regis College, Weston, MA

BRENDA ESKENAZI,

School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

PATRICIA GREENFIELD,

Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles

NEAL HALFON,

School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles

MAXINE HAYES,

Washington State Department of Health

MARGARET C. HEAGARTY,

College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University

HARRIET KITZMAN,

School of Nursing, University of Rochester

CINDY LEDERMAN,

Juvenile Justice Center, Miami, FL

ELENA NIGHTINGALE,

Institute of Medicine, The National Academies

GARY D. SANDEFUR,

College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison

RUTH STEIN,

Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

ELLEN WARTELLA,

University of California, Riverside

ROSEMARY A. CHALK, Director

Liaison to Committee on Adolescent Health and Development

ROBERT BLUM,

Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Preface

As chair of the Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries, I would like to say on behalf of the panel that we have been privileged and challenged by our task of examining the changing lives of young people in developing countries at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries is the product of a three-year effort during which time the panel reviewed many different literatures and conducted much new data analysis.

Throughout the project, the panel was committed to focusing on the links and interconnections between the productive and reproductive domains of young peoples’ lives that have typically been treated in isolation from each other. It is our hope that this approach will inspire a next generation of researchers and policy makers to see the different aspects of young peoples’ lives in a more interconnected way, allowing new insights for policies and programs.

This report would not have been possible without the help of numerous people and organizations. First, we wish to thank the report’s sponsors: the U.S. Agency for International Development, the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the World Bank, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

This report reflects the intense deliberations of the panel (see Appendix C for biographical sketches) who met multiple times over the course of the project. At an early stage of the project, I formed working groups to take up certain cross-cutting topics in support of the panel’s work. These met either in person or by conference call and built on the expertise of various panel

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

members. With the formation of these groups, panel members were able to get fully engaged in the work of the panel in order to ensure their collective input at an early stage of the project. The first group, the theory group, held two meetings, one hosted by Richard Jessor at the University of Colorado. This group included Kuate Defo, Nan Astone, Nelly Stromquist, Richard Jessor, Jere Behrman, Anastasia Gage, Kaushik Basu, Cynthia Lloyd, and Valerie Durrant. A data group was formed to assess the availability of census and survey data from two recent points in time to undertake analyses of the interrelationships between various role transitions. The data group included David Lam, Jere Behrman, Susheela Singh, Cynthia Lloyd, and Valerie Durrant. A program evaluation group was formed to set standards of evidence for the evaluation of programs; this group included Robert Magnani, Robert Blum, Jere Behrman, Carlos Aramburú, Nelly Stromquist, Kuate Defo, Cynthia Lloyd, and Valerie Durrant. Finally, a reproductive health working group consisted of Barbara Mensch, Anastasia Gage, Robert Blum, Carlos Aramburú, Shireen Jejeebhoy, Susheela Singh, Valerie Durrant, and Cynthia Lloyd.

The panel also commissioned papers by panel members and other experts to provide background information on which the panel report could build. These papers helped fill some of the knowledge gaps and thus provided useful analyses, all of which are cited and some of which are incorporated into the panel report. But a number of these background studies, in addition to providing inputs for the panel report, constitute useful contributions to the knowledge of transitions to adulthood in developing countries that are richer and broader than what is incorporated into the report itself. The panel therefore established an editorial committee for these papers composed of Jere Behrman, Barney Cohen, Cynthia Lloyd, and Nelly Stromquist. They took responsibility for reviewing the papers directly and oversaw a process of external review and revision according to National Research Council (NRC) procedures. The table of contents for this edited volume titled, The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies (editors, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen) appears in Appendix B of this report.

After five meetings of the full panel, I appointed an editorial committee, with the support of the full panel, to carry forward the preparation of draft chapters on behalf of the panel, and this group of panel members spent significant time in the last year of the project attending two additional meetings and sharing the responsibility for the final preparation of the manuscript. Members of the editorial committee were: Nelly Stromquist, Nan Astone, Jere Behrman, David Lam, Barbara Mensch, Richard Jessor, and Cynthia Lloyd. I then took primary responsibility, with the support of Barney Cohen, for the final revision and editing of the manuscript in preparation for review.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

Consequently, this report is truly the collective product of panel members and staff. Its content reflects the deliberations of the full panel who reviewed and revised all contributions. The purpose of the following list, therefore, is to give credit to individuals but not to assign final responsibility for the published text.

Executive Summary: This is the collective product of the deliberations of the entire panel

Chapter 1: C. Lloyd and R. Jessor

Chapter 2: B. Cohen, R. Jessor, H. Reed, C. Lloyd, J. Behrman, and D. Lam

Chapter 3: C. Lloyd, D. Lam, J. Behrman, and N. Stromquist

Chapter 4: A. Blanc, R. Magnani, S. Singh, S. Jejeebhoy, and R. Bulatao

Chapter 5: C. Lloyd, D. Lam, and J. Behrman

Chapter 6: M. Grant, N. Varia, V. Durrant, and N. Stromquist

Chapter 7: B. Mensch

Chapter 8: C. Lloyd, S. Singh, N. Astone, B. Mensch, and S. Jejeebhoy

Chapter 9: C. Lloyd

Appendix A: C. Lloyd and V. Durrant

It should be noted that the authors listed for each chapter include those who took up major writing responsibilities at various stages of each chapter’s preparation. The first author listed is the person who took the major responsibility for putting the chapter into final shape for review. These chapters occasionally contain additional paragraphs from other hands.

I want to single out for special mention the panel members who served as members of the editorial committee because of their continuing involvement in the work of the panel report from beginning to end as well as in the preparation of the accompanying volume of papers. Their involvement went well beyond what could be fully reflected in the chapter authorship list above. As chair, I want to thank each of them individually for their contributions as well as for their strong support and steady partnership throughout the volume.

Richard Jessor served as the panel’s theoretician and conscience. He challenged us to develop a conceptual framework that would outlive the temporal nature of our material, provided all of us with lots of good humor along the way, and provided me most importantly with a helpful sounding board throughout the project. He also collaborated on the drafting of Chapters 1 and 2.

Jere Behrman was a constructive partner and critic at each stage of the drafting of two of the longest and most challenging chapters—3 and 5. In

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

addition, he wrote several commissioned papers in order to strengthen the panel’s treatment of policy and program evaluation throughout the volume as well as of issues of global convergence and divergence covered in Chapter 2. He also served as a coeditor of the volume of papers.

Nelly Stromquist brought a critical perspective to our work from an intellectual tradition that lay outside the tradition common to many panel members. She provided patient, persistent, and constructive input to the work of the panel throughout the life of the project. This included collaborating on the drafting of Chapters 3 and 6 and serving as coeditor of the volume of papers.

David Lam was a strong supporter of the project from its inception as a member of the NRC’s Committee on Population and undertook substantial new data analysis with census and survey data to explore the interrelationships between various transitions to adulthood. He also collaborated on the drafting of Chapters 3 and 5.

Nan Astone brought her experience and expertise in the study of adolescents in the United States to our panel discussions, thus helping to shape our conceptual approach and our comparative perspective. She also played a major role in the drafting of Chapter 8 on parenthood.

Barbara Mensch, who works next door to me at the Population Council, not only became the sole author of Chapter 7 on marriage but also provided me with a steady dose of solidarity, comradeship, and advice throughout the project.

Several other individuals made key contributions that deserve special mention. Susheela Singh, Shireen Jejeebhoy, and Robert Magnani, members of the panel but not members of the editorial committee, took up drafting roles for Chapters 4 and 8. Amanda Ritchie, as a consultant to NRC, was our resident anthropologist. She wrote all of the boxes in Chapters 4, 7, and 8 and some others scattered throughout the volume, took the lead on the comparative analysis of time use data that is featured in Chapter 5, and undertook substantial background research for Chapter 4. Monica Grant, research coordinator in the Policy Research Division of the Population Council, in addition to being a lead author on Chapter 6, was responsible for most of the data analysis for Chapters 4, 7, and 8. Her speed and agility at programming 50 data sets simultaneously was truly extraordinary and was also complemented by her good understanding of the material and her many good ideas about how to handle the data. Barbara Miller, my staff assistant at the Population Council, has been my right hand throughout the project. She set up the original files to handle all the weighted regional averages for the analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data and undertook endless revisions and updates with good cheer. She was also responsible for handling all the references for Chapters 3, 5, 7, and 8. Paul Hewett, my collaborator on the paper on primary schooling in

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

Africa, took responsibility for the original data analysis for Chapter 3 and provided technical support and advice throughout the project. Holly Reed at the NRC prepared a preliminary draft of Chapter 2 as did Jonathan Zaff, a consultant, for Chapter 5. Ann Blanc and Randy Bulatao served as consultants for Chapter 3 and Nisha Varia for Chapter 6. Richard Anker provided advice on Chapter 5 at an informal meeting of interested panel members scheduled when he was on this side of the Atlantic, and Ron Kassimir of the Social Science Research Council and Martin Riesebrodt of the University of Chicago provided valuable advice and literature reviews on religion that served as background material for Chapter 2. Others who assisted in the analysis of data or who provided us with access to data include Sara Zellner, Suhaila Khan, Erin Murphy-Graham, Georgeann Higgins, Rubina Hussain, Christine Schippers, Claudia Stilman, Djavad Salehi, Matthew Sobek, Anil Deolalikar, Jed Friedman, and Lupin Rahman.

Several experts participated in a planning meeting in January 2001 to help formulate a plan for the panel’s contributions. We acknowledge the collective contribution of the following members of the planning group who are not members of the panel: Richard Anker, Julie DaVanzo, Bessie Lee, Marlaine Lockheed, Anju Malhotra, Karen Mason, Susan Newcomer, Agnes Quisumbing, and Peter Xenos.

The panel was fortunate to hold one of its meetings in Mexico City, which was hosted by Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) in February 2002, and would like to thank Rodolfo Turian, Elena Zuniga, and Cristina Gil Villegas for their help in making the meeting possible. During the visit, the panel received a special briefing on Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación (PROGRESA) from Santiago Levy and heard presentations from several researchers at the Colegio de Mexico—Claudia Stern, Rosa Maria Camareno, and Carlos Echarri—who had undertaken research on transitions to adulthood among Mexican adolescents. The panel also met with youth from Gente Joven and Balance, a young women’s network in Mexico City promoting citizenship rights and political participation. Virginia Rodriquez coordinated the visit to Gente Joven. Staff from Balance included Maria Antonieta Alcalde Castro, Esteban Inzua, Belén Gutierrez, Nancy Olguin, and Mariana Pérez Ramirex.

The panel also cosponsored an expert meeting with the World Bank on Assessing the Economic Benefits of Investments in Youth in collaboration with Elizabeth Lule and Jim Rosen. Papers were presented by Jere Behrman, Jim Knowles, Wendy Cummingham, Paolo Belli, and Olivier Appaix. Others who attended the meeting and provided valuable discussion include: Robert Holzmann, Jane Ross, Maureen Lewis, Mayra Buvinic, Jacques van der Gaag, Alex Preker, Nancy Williamson, Christine Norton, Matilde Maddaleno, Laura Laski, and Aleksandra Posarac.

Many other colleagues supplied the panel with research in the form of

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

background papers. The panel benefited greatly from these papers and thanks the following individuals for their contribution: Patrick Emerson, André Portela Souza, Shireen Jejeebhoy, Shiva Halli, Agnes Quisumbing, Kelly Hallman, Emily Hannum, Jihong Liu, Piyali Sengupta, Jere Behrman, Jim Knowles, David Lam, Leticia Marteleto, Sajeda Amin, Cynthia Lloyd, Paul Hewett, Monica Grant, Barbara Mensch, Susheela Singh, John Casterline, Peter Xenos, Sulistinah Achmad, Hui Sheng Lin, Ping Keung Luis, Chai Podhisita, Corazon Raymundo, Shyam Thapa, Nan Astone, Ken Hill, Margaret Wedon, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Robert Blum, and Kristin Nelson-Mmari.

No project of this magnitude could be undertaken without able staff. Valerie Durrant was staff director for our panel at the NRC from the panel’s inception in early 2001 until September 2003, initially as a fellow of the University of Michigan Population Fellows Program and later as a regular NRC employee. She did an excellent job of coordinating the work of the panel, arranging meetings of the panel and its various working groups, arranging for literature reviews and data analyses, working closely with our sponsors, co-organizing the expert group meeting on Assessing the Economic Benefits of Investment in Youth (October 15, 2002) in collaboration with the World Bank, and most particularly supporting me in my role as chair. She also did some major background research for Chapter 3 and did some data analysis and rewrote parts of Chapter 6. Her enthusiasm for the subject was infectious and she had a full mastery of the panel’s scope. She was sorely missed after her departure, which came at the time the project had originally been scheduled for completion. Barney Cohen, director of the Committee on Population, oversaw the work and managed the final stages of the process, including the response to review. The panel owes a huge debt to both Valerie Durrant and Barney Cohen, and we are deeply grateful for their support throughout the project.

In addition, special thanks are due to Christine Covington-Chen for her superb administrative and logistic support, to Christine McShane for skillfully editing the manuscript, to Kirsten Sampson Snyder for navigating the report through review, to Anthony Mann for preparing the final manuscript, and Yvonne Wise for steering the manuscript through the production process.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Journal of Adolescent Research, University Park, MD; Suzanne Duryea, Research Department, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC; Constance A. Flanagan, Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University; Stephen F. Hamilton, Family Life Development Center, Cornell University; John Hobcraft, Department of Social Policy and Demography, University of York, United Kingdom; Reed Larson, Department of Human and Community, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Thomas LeGrand, Demography Department, University of Montreal, Canada; Anju Malhotra, Population and Social Transitions, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC.

Although the reviewers listed have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions and recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Marshall S. Smith, Education Program, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to the Population Council, where I work, which has stood behind me during the three years of the project and supported my time on the project. The Population Council has made a substantial commitment to research on transitions to adulthood over the past eight years, thanks to generous funding from the U.K. Department for International Development, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Spencer Foundation, among others. Many colleagues of mine at the Population Council have shared in this collective effort, and I owe them all a debt of gratitude. They include, but are by no means limited to, Sajeda Amin, Martha Brady, Judith Bruce, Judy Diers, Anabel Erulkar, Nicole Haberland, Kelly Hallman, Paul Hewett, Barbara Ibrahim, Shireen Jejeebhoy, Barbara Mensch, Mark Montgomery, Zeba Sathar, and Minhaj ul Haque. John Bongaarts, vice president of the Population Council in charge of the Policy Research Division, has also been an enthusiastic supporter and a patient listener through the project, and it is his support most of all that has allowed me the time and space to embark on this major undertaking and follow it through until its very end.

For me it has been an honor and a privilege to serve as chair of this

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

panel. I have met and become friends and colleagues with so many people I otherwise would not have known and have learned so much in the process. The product is truly a collective one, enriched and strengthened by the passions, ideas, knowledge, talents, and good humor of all my fellow panel members. To them all, I am most deeply grateful.

Cynthia B. Lloyd, Chair

Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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 Factors Affecting Demand for Schooling and How They Are Changing,

 

96

   

 School Systems and How They Are Changing,

 

106

   

 The Impact of School Policies and Programs on Schooling Outcomes,

 

118

   

 Conclusions and Recommendations,

 

142

4

 

HEALTH

 

168

   

 Introduction,

 

168

   

 Health Profile of Young People,

 

171

   

 Sexual and Reproductive Health Behavior,

 

194

   

 Other Risk Behaviors and Their Health Consequences,

 

219

   

 Policies and Programs Aimed at Young People’s Health,

 

227

   

 Conclusions and Recommendations,

 

241

PART III
TRANSITION TO ADULT ROLES

 

 

5

 

THE TRANSITION TO WORK

 

265

   

 Introduction,

 

265

   

 Patterns and Trends in Work Participation Among Young People,

 

269

   

 Special Issues of Relevance to Youth Employment,

 

294

   

 Determinants of Changing Work Transitions Among Young People,

 

318

   

 Policies and Programs,

 

332

   

 Conclusions and Recommendations,

 

341

6

 

THE TRANSITION TO CITIZENSHIP

 

346

   

 Introduction,

 

346

   

 Citizenship: An Evolving Concept?,

 

349

   

 Formal and Legal Rights of Citizenship,

 

352

   

 The Practice of Citizenship,

 

368

   

 The Formation of Citizenship,

 

397

   

 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations,

 

412

7

 

THE TRANSITION TO MARRIAGE

 

416

   

 Introduction,

 

416

   

 Trends in Marriage Prevalence and Timing,

 

417

   

 Differentials in Age at Marriage,

 

425

   

 Factors Affecting the Rise in Age at Marriage,

 

427

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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The challenges for young people making the transition to adulthood are greater today than ever before. Globalization, with its power to reach across national boundaries and into the smallest communities, carries with it the transformative power of new markets and new technology. At the same time, globalization brings with it new ideas and lifestyles that can conflict with traditional norms and values. And while the economic benefits are potentially enormous, the actual course of globalization has not been without its critics who charge that, to date, the gains have been very unevenly distributed, generating a new set of problems associated with rising inequality and social polarization. Regardless of how the globalization debate is resolved, it is clear that as broad global forces transform the world in which the next generation will live and work, the choices that today's young people make or others make on their behalf will facilitate or constrain their success as adults. Traditional expectations regarding future employment prospects and life experiences are no longer valid.

Growing Up Global examines how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries, and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs, in particular, those affecting adolescent reproductive health. The report sets forth a framework that identifies criteria for successful transitions in the context of contemporary global changes for five key adult roles: adult worker, citizen and community participant, spouse, parent, and household manager.

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