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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
INTRODUCTION
11
Earth’s Climate System,
12
Radiative Forcing: Perturbation to Earth’s Energy Budget,
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Theoretical Development of the Radiative Forcing Concept,
19
The Radiative Forcing Concept and Climate Policy,
23
2
STATE OF SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING
28
Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases,
30
Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone,
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Direct Effect of Aerosols,
34
Indirect Effect of Aerosols,
39
Land-Cover and Land-Use Changes,
44
Solar Forcing,
49
Volcanic Eruptions,
57
Ocean Color,
59
Teleconnections and Radiative Forcing,
60
3
RADIATIVE FORCING OVER EARTH’S HISTORY
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Geological Timescales,
Glacial-Interglacial Timescales,
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Holocene,
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Last 1000 Years,
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Last 25 Years,
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" Front Matter ." Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005 .
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