Index
A
ABS. See Australian Bureau of Statistics
Accounting and data foundations, 39–54
demographic data, 52–54
measuring time use, 43–52
overview of the national income and product accounts, 40–43
Accounting approaches, in the current environment, 169–171
Accounts
balance-sheet, 40
expanded set of, 2
income and product, 40–43
input-output, 40
national, 56
AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualification Test
Aggregate output, 26
Aggregate production, 69
Aggregate welfare measurement, 156
Amenity value, 31
American Association of Fundraising Counsel, Trust for Philanthropy, 159
American Community Survey, 7, 53
American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 7, 10, 19, 27, 39, 45–52, 71, 76, 88, 100, 126, 140, 147–148, 160
recommendations for, 7, 46–48, 77
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 113
Assignment of prices, 28–34
ATUS. See American Time Use Survey
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 45
B
Balance-sheet accounts, 40
Bargaining power, 60
BEA. See Bureau of Economic Analysis
Belgium, 154
Benefit-cost analysis, 157
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bookkeeping, implications of double-entry, 24–25
British National Child Development Study, 112
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 5, 15–16, 19, 21, 26, 43, 77, 94–95, 97, 99, 142–143, 154, 159, 161, 166–167
recommendations for, 59
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 11, 19, 28, 45–52, 77, 88, 94, 100, 118, 119n, 146, 151, 154
Bypass surgery, 131
C
Cable television, 90
Capital-market constraints, 24
Capital service flows, 99
Care services, 3
noncompensated, 126
Census Bureau, 7, 28, 53, 94, 102
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 119
Chain-weighted quantity indexes, 34
Child care, 58, 64, 66, 81, 90, 105
Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 89
Children
commitment to bear and raise, 92
as human capital, family inputs to the development of, 88–90
time use by, 90
Cholesterol intake, 129
CIPSEA. See Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002
Citizenship, personal habits of, 87
Civility, 87
Classification of goods and services, 25–26
Cleaning services, 19
Cleanliness, 61–62.
See also Home cleanliness;
Outdoor cleaning
Cognitive skills, 115
current, 109
Collective goods, 141
Comparability, across countries, 16
Competitive pressures, 24
Compulsory schooling requirements, 106
Conceptual framework
for the family’s role in the production of human capital, 79–81
for the government and private nonprofit sectors, 143–146
Conceptual framework for education, 94–97
education inputs and outputs, market and nonmarket, 96
Conceptual framework for health, 119–125
broader approach, 122–125
health inputs and outputs of market and nonmarket, 124
market-oriented approaches, 120–122
national health expenditures, 121
assigning prices, 28–34
classifying goods and services, 25–26
counting and valuation issues, 34–36
externalities, 26–27
implications of double-entry bookkeeping, 24–25
marginal and total valuation, 36–37
measuring quantities, 27–28
Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002 (CIPSEA), 159
Constructed health expenditure accounts, 13
Consumer durables, 72
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 52, 91
Consumer Price Index (CPI), 77, 119n
Consumption value, 71
Cost-of-disease approach, treatment-based, 122
Counting issues, 34–36
CPI. See Consumer Price Index
CPS. See Current Population Survey
Cross-country comparisons, 110
Cross-household variation, 60
Current Population Survey (CPS), 46–48, 51, 53, 126, 146–147, 160
D
Data needs, 6–8
for future environmental directions, 174–175
in the government and private nonprofitsectors, 159–160
in health, 140
Data needs in home production, 76–78
input quantities and prices (time use), 76–77
output quantities and prices, 77–78
Day care, 83
Death, causes of, 124
Degradation, valuing, 169
Demographic data, 7, 27–28, 52–54, 130–131
recommendations for, 7–8, 53–54
Department of Agriculture, 91
Department of Commerce, 19
Department of Defense, 145
Department of Health and Human Services, 136
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 119, 136n
National Health Accounts, 120
Department of Labor, 19
Depreciation, of natural resources, 165, 167
Development of children’s human capital, family inputs to, 88–90
Developmental psychology, 82
Direct quantity-based index, 118
Disamenity costs, 116n
Discrete choice model, 177
Disease-adjusted life years, 136
“Disease state” approach, 3, 134
Divorce rates, 79
Donated goods
in the government and private nonprofit sectors, 153
recommendations for, 146
Double-entry bookkeeping, 6, 26, 76, 161
implications of, 24–25
Down’s syndrome, 90
Drinking, 129
DVD players, 90
E
Early Child Care Research Network, 83
Earnings, education’s link to higher, 106
Econometrics, 132
Economic inequality, 13
Economic production, 1
Economic theory, 29
Economically valued nonmarket factors, 10
conceptual framework for, 94–97
inputs and outputs, market and nonmarket, 96
link to higher earnings, 106
measuring and valuing inputs in, 97–105
measuring and valuing output in, 105–116
Education satellite account, recommendations for, 97
Educational psychology, 84
Educational satellite accounts, 93
Empathy, 87
ENRAP. See Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project
current accounting approaches, 164, 169–171
definition and scope of coverage, 164–169
future directions, 171–175
the social environment, 175–177
Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project (ENRAP), 170, 172–173
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 164, 172–173
Environmental resources, renewable, in defining environment, 167–169
Estimation approaches and practice, in future environmental directions, 171–173
Ethical conduct, value of, 87
Euroqual-5D (five domains), 136
Eurostat, 56
Handbook, 121
Externalities, 26–27
F
“Family disintegration,” 18
Family role in the production of human capital, 4, 79–92
conceptual framework, 79–81
defining human capital, 81–83
family inputs to the development of children’s human capital, 88–90
the human capital production function, 83–88
valuing the time parents devote to children, 91–92
Federal efforts, 97
recommendations for, 164
Federal Trade Commission, 55
501(c)(3) organizations, 142, 145
501(c)(4) organizations, 142–143, 145
Food preparation, 89
Form 990, 159
Form 990T, 159
Fourth World Conference on Women, 44
“Free-rider” behavior, 157
Full capital service flow, 99
Future directions in environmental accounting, 171–175
data needs, 174–175
estimation approaches and practice, 171–173
linkage with other nonmarket accounting efforts, 173–174
G
GAAP. See Generally accepted accounting principles
Gardeners, 72
GDI. See Gross domestic income
GDP. See Gross domestic product
General Accounting Office, 153
General Social Survey (Canada), 45
Generalist approach, 102
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), 158, 161
Genetic differences, 84
Giving and Volunteering Survey, 146
Goods and services, classification of, 25–26
Government inputs
and market inputs, 97–99
recommendations for, 145
Government satellite accounts, 161
conceptual framework, 143–146
data requirements, 159–160
donated goods, 153
measuring and valuing output in, 153–159
volunteer labor, 146–152
Grants-in-aid, 97
Great Depression, 14
Gross domestic income (GDI), 40–43
Gross domestic product (GDP), 1–2, 12, 16, 19, 23, 34, 40–44, 56–58, 62, 73–74, 93, 97–99, 120–121, 143, 154, 166
finding a replacement for, 16
Gross investment, 41
Grossman, Michael, 124
H
Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 163
Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions in the System of National Accounts, 121, 144, 150, 155
Head Start, 84
adverse shocks to, 132
changes in, 125
conceptual framework for, 119–125
data requirements, 140
improvements in, 123
inputs and outputs of market and nonmarket, 124
measuring and valuing, 131–140
measuring and valuing inputs in, 125–131
valuing increments of, 137–140
Health and Labor Questionnaire, 136n
Health capital, producing, 86
Health-impairment approach, 134
Health research expenditures, as a percentage of GDP, 121
Health satellite accounts, 125
Health status, measuring, 133–137
Healthy activities, recommendations for, 128
Hedonic models, 114, 118, 174, 176–177
High School and Beyond Survey, 112
Home cleanliness, production function for, 61
Home-produced meals, in a household production account, stylized account for, 60
data requirements, 76–78
factory analogy, 59–62
measuring and valuing output of, 74–76
measuring inputs in, 63–68
valuing inputs of, 68–73
Home production data needs, 76–78
input quantities and prices (time use), 76–77
output quantities and prices, 77–78
Home schooling, 64
Household as a factory, 59–62
production function for home cleanliness, 61
stylized account for home-produced meals in a household production account, 60
Household members’ wage rates, in valuing inputs of home production, 69–70
Household production account
home-produced meals in, 60
recommendations for, 64, 74–76
Household technology, 60–61
Housing prices, 114
Housing value approach, to measuring and valuing output in education, 113–116
Human capital
acquiring, 114
defining, 81–83
family inputs to the development of children’s, 4, 88–90
production function of, 83–88
I
IALS. See International Adult Literacy Survey
IALS prose scores, 110
Immigration policies, 80
“Incentive-enhancing” preferences, 82
Income accounts
national, 40–43
overview of national, 40–43
Incremental earnings approach to measuring and valuing output in education, 111–113
Increments of health, valuing, 137–140
Independent Sector, 146
Index-number theorists, 34
Indexes
chain-weighted quantity, 34
direct quantity-based, 118
price-deflated quantity, 118
Indicator approach to measuring and valuing output, 107–111
IALS prose scores, 110
NAEP mathematics scores, 109
NAEP reading scores, 108
Infants, viewed as outputs, 80
Infectious diseases, 123
Input-output accounts, 40
Inputs
in education, measuring and valuing, 97–105
in health, measuring and valuing, 125–131
in home production, measuring, 63–68
of home production, valuing, 68–73
quantities and prices (time use) for home production data requirements, 76–77
Internal Revenue Code, 143, 145
International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), 110, 114–115
Internet, 57
Investments families make, in preparing children for the future, 4–5
IRS Form 990, 158–159
Italy, 154
J
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 157n
K
“Knowledge sector,” 120
L
Labor supply, 139
Laissez faire societies, 168
Leontief system, 170
M
Marginal valuation, and total valuation, 36–37
Marital matching, idiosyncrasies inherent in, 51
Market and nonmarket factors, in defining environment, 165–166
Market-based production technology, 59
Market inputs, and government inputs, 97–99
Market-oriented approaches, to health, 120–122
Market prices, 155–156
Market service providers, 31
Market substitutes, price of, in valuing inputs of home production, 68–69
Maternal employment, 89
Meal preparation, 29
Measure of Economic and Social Performance project (MESP), 173
Measurement objectives, 17–19
Measuring and valuing health, 131–140
defining the output, 131–133
measuring health status, 133–137
valuing increments of health, 137–140
Measuring and valuing inputs in education, 97–105
market and government inputs, 97–99
national education expenses, 97–98
nonmarket time inputs, 100–105
Measuring and valuing inputs in health, 125–131
Measuring and valuing output in education, 105–116
housing value approach, 113–116
incremental earnings approach, 111–113
indicator approach, 107–111
Measuring and valuing output in government and private nonprofit sectors, 153–159
value imputations, 158–159
zero price problem, 155–158
Measuring and valuing output of home production, 74–76
Measuring health status, 133–137
Measuring inputs in home production, 63–68
time spent in home production, 65, 67
Measuring quantities, 27–28
Measuring time use, 43–52
American Time Use Survey, 45–52
previous collections of time-use data, 44–45
problems and nonproblems with ATUS, 48–52
Medical care, 3, 22, 80, 118, 123
as a percentage of GDP, 121
Medicare program, 43
Medicine, discoveries in, 13
MESP. See Measure of Economic and Social Performance project
Microwave ovens, 57
Mill, John Stuart, 93
Monetary values, 35
Motivation, 12–14
Mozambique, 155
Multinational Time Use Survey, 89
N
NAMEA system, 170
National accounts, 56
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 108–110, 114–115
mathematics scores, 109
reading scores, 108
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 55, 173
National Center for Charitable Statistics, 159
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 52–53, 94, 97
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 28, 122
National Education Association, 94
National education expenditures, 97–98
National health accounts, 120, 136n, 140
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 140
National health expenditures, 121
National Health Interview Survey, 140
National Health Interview Survey on Disability, 126
National income accountants, 75
National income and product accounts (NIPAs), 1–2, 5, 9–12, 16–17, 20–27, 39–43, 54–55, 63, 73, 78, 94, 117–122, 133, 142–148, 153, 156, 162, 166, 168–169, 172, 176
gross domestic product and gross domestic income, 41
imputations in, 42
scope of coverage in, 14–16
National income trends, 149
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Early Child Care Research Network, 83
National Institutes of Health, 157
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 113
National monuments, 34
National Research Council, 35, 119n
National Science Foundation, 66, 157, 173
National well being, 16
Natural resource depreciation, 165, 167
Nature’s Numbers, 4, 130, 163–164, 167, 171–175
NBER. See National Bureau of Economic Research
NCES. See National Center for Education Statistics
NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics
“Near-market” activities, 18
Netting-out rule, 129
New Nonprofit Almanac, 142
NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NIPAs. See National income and product accounts
Noncompensated care services, 126
Nonlabor inputs, inputs of home production, valuing, 73
Nonmarket accounting priorities, 19–23
linkage in future environmental directions, 173–174
Nonmarket factors, 2, 5–6, 10, 13, 35.
See also Market and nonmarket factors
development of, 12
in service-oriented areas, 8
Nonmarket satellite accounts, recommendations for, 23
Nonmarket time inputs, 100–105
time estimates, 100
time valuations, 101–105
Nonmedical technology, 3
Nonprofit economic activity, 11
recommendations for, 145
Nonprofit organizations, 141–144
Nordhaus, William, 18
Nutrition, 123
O
OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom), 45, 56, 81
“On call” schedules, 88
Opportunity-cost-based approach, 6, 30, 102
Opportunity costs
calculating, 32
non-negative, 103
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 63n, 154
Aging-Related Diseases Study, 122
Out-of-pocket expenditures, 88
Outdoor cleaning, example of valuing inputs of home production, 72–73
Output in education
measuring and valuing, 105–116
recommendations for, 116
Output in government and private nonprofit sectors, measuring and valuing, 153–159
Output in measuring and valuing health, defining, 131–133
Output of home production, measuring and valuing, 74–76
Output quantities and prices, for home production data requirements, 77–78
Own-time inputs, 128
Owner-occupied housing, rental value of, 15
Ownership, 165
P
Paid caregivers, 91
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 91
Child Development Supplement, 89
Panel to Study the Design of Nonmarket Accounts, 2, 10
Personal Consumption Expenditure report, 77
Personal responsibility, 82, 87
Philippines, 155, 170, 172–173
Physical capital stock, 10
Pigou, A.C., 14
Policy makers, 1
Pollution, 28, 130, 164–167, 172, 175
Poverty lines, 13
Price-deflated quantity index, 118
Price indexes, 27
Prices
assignment of, 28–34
of market substitutes, in valuing inputs of home production, 68–69
Private nonprofit sector, 4, 141–162
conceptual framework, 143–146
data requirements, 159–160
donated goods, 153
measuring and valuing output in, 153–159
volunteer labor, 146–152
Pro bono legal services, 147, 149–150
“Pro-social” preferences, 82
Product accounts
national, 40–43
overview of national, 40–43
Productive capacity, 82
Productivity
economic, 1
estimating, 94
for home cleanliness, 61
trends in, 115
Productivity-equivalent replacement wage, 102–103
PSID. See Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Public Broadcasting System, 155
Public goods, 141
Public policy, 79
Publication schedule, appropriate, 22
Q
QALYs. See Quality-adjusted life years
Quality-adjusted life-expectancy, 132
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 124, 136
Quality-adjusted replacement cost, an alternative approach to valuing inputs of home production, 70–71
Quality-of-life indexes, 132, 176
Quantities, measuring, 27–28
Quantity-based index, direct, 118
QWB (quality of well-being) survey, 136
R
Rawl’s veil of ignorance, 139
Recommendations
for the American Time Use Survey, 7, 46–48, 77
for the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 59
for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7, 48–52
for demographic data, 7–8, 53–54
for donated goods, 146
for an education satellite account, 97
for federal efforts, 164
for government inputs, 145
for health satellite accounts, 118, 131
for healthy activities, 128
for a household production account, 64, 74–76
for nonmarket satellite accounts, 23
for nonprofit economic activity, 145
for output in education, 116
for a replacement cost measure, 6, 32
for satellite accounts for household production, 73
for statistical agencies, 4
for time inputs to education, 103–105
for time use patterns, 100
for unpaid time, 127
for volunteer labor, 152
Regression discontinuity approach, 115
Reid, Margaret, 63
Religious organizations, 87, 143
Renewable environmental resources, in defining environment, 167–169
Replacement cost approach, recommendations for, 6, 32
Replacement wages, productivity-equivalent, 102–103
Research and development (R&D), 3, 130
Roofing example, 127
S
Safety devices, 3
Satellite accounts, 2–5, 11, 16–18
for education, 93
for government, 161
for health, 125
for household production, recommendations for, 73
nonmarket, 23
School expenditures, 13
Scientific inventions, 13
Scope of coverage in the NIPAs, 14–16
SEEA. See System of integrated environmental and economic accounting
Self-maintenance, 112
Self-selection, 138
“Sentinel capabilities,” 84
Services. See Goods and services
Sex act, 63–64
SF-36 questionnaire, 136
Shadow wages, 160
Smith, Adam, 93
Smoking, 129
SNA. See System of National Accounts
Social scientists, encouraging in study of nonmarket activities, 10
Social welfare, contributions to, 1
“Soft skills,” 82
South Africa, 155
Specialist approach, 102
Staged approach, 2
Standardized tests, 114
2003 Statistical Abstract, 13
Statistical agencies, recommendations for, 4
Statistics Canada, 88
Subsoil resources, in defining environment, 166–167
Symptoms, grading, 136
System of integrated environmental and economic accounting (SEEA), 163, 170–171
System of National Accounts (SNA), 14, 17, 63n, 144, 151, 154, 169–171
T
household, 60–61
nonmedical, 130
Test scores, 107, 109, 113–115
Time diary, 46
Time estimates, 100
market value of, 31
Time inputs to education
recommendations for, 103–105
value of, 104
Time parents devote to children, valuing, 91–92
Time spent in home production, 65, 67
Time use
by children, 90
measuring, 43–52
patterns of, recommendations for, 100
previous collections of, 44–45
Time valuations, 101–105
Tobin, James, 18
Total valuation, and marginal valuation, 36–37
Treatment-based cost-of-disease approach, 122
Trends
historical, 13
in national income, 149
in productivity, 115
Trust for Philanthropy, 159
U
United Kingdom, 45, 56, 76, 81, 110, 122
University of Essex, Multinational Time Use Survey, 89
University of Maryland, 44, 66
University of Michigan, 44, 50
Unpaid time, 11
recommendations for, 127
Unpriced labor time, 148
Urban Institute, 146
National Center for Charitable Statistics, 159
Utility-based measures, 135
V
Valuation issues, 34–36
Value
imputations of, 158–159
of life, 177
of time inputs to education, 104
Valuing increments of health, 137–140
Valuing inputs of home production, 68–73
example of outdoor cleaning, 72–73
household members’ wage rates, 69–70
price of market substitutes, 68–69
quality-adjusted replacement cost (alternative approach), 70–71
valuing nonlabor inputs, 73
Valuing the time parents devote to children, 91–92
Vocational students, 114
Volunteer labor, 4, 96, 126, 144
in the government and private nonprofit sectors, 146–152
recommendations for, 152
W
Wage employment, women’s participation in, 58
Wage rates, 82
for household members, in valuing inputs of home production, 69–70
marginal, 30
shadow, 160
Walker, Francis, 55
Welfare lines, 13
Willingness-to-pay estimates, 174
Work Limitation Questionnaire, 136n
Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire, 136n
World Wars, disruptions attributable to, 14
Y
YHL (years of healthy life expectancy), 136
Youth sports organization, 33
Z
Zero price problem, 155–158