Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas
Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
ABOUT THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
For more than 100 years, the National Academies have provided independent advice on issues of science, technology, and medicine that underlie many questions of national importance. The National Academies, comprising the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council, work together to enlist the nation’s top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts to study specific issues. The results of their deliberations have inspired some of America’s most significant and lasting efforts to improve the health, education, and welfare of the nation. To learn more about Academies’ activities, check the Web site at www.nationalacademies.org.
The decadel survey on which this booklet is based was a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Survey Committee and the five panels whose responsible for the survey were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contracts NASW 96013 and NASW 01001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Purchase Order No. 40-AA-NR-111308, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-0109283, the Office of Naval Research under Grant No. N00014-01-1-0753, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Purchase Order No. FQ8671-0101168.
Support for this publication was provided by The Presidents’ Circle Communication Initiative of the National Academies.
Copies of this report are available free of charge from:
Space Studies Board
National Research Council
The Keck Center of the National Academies, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001
Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES™
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE
LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI,
Lucent Technologies,
Chair
ROGER L. ARNOLDY,
University of New Hampshire
FRAN BAGENAL,
University of Colorado at Boulder
DANIEL N. BAKER,
University of Colorado at Boulder
JAMES L. BURCH,
Southwest Research Institute
JOHN C. FOSTER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PHILIP R. GOODE,
Big Bear Solar Observatory
RODERICK A. HEELIS,
University of Texas, Dallas
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,
University of California, Los Angeles
WILLIAM H. MATTHAEUS,
University of Delaware
FRANK B. McDONALD,
University of Maryland
EUGENE N. PARKER,
University of Chicago,
Professor Emeritus
GEORGE C. REID,
University of Colorado at Boulder
ROBERT W. SCHUNK,
Utah State University
ALAN M. TITLE,
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center
ARTHUR A. CHARO, Study Director
WILLIAM S. LEWIS, Consultant
THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant
PANEL ON THE SUN AND HELIOSPHERIC PHYSICS
JOHN T. GOSLING,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Chair
ALAN M. TITLE,
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center,
Vice Chair
TIMOTHY S. BASTIAN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
EDWARD W. CLIVER,
Air Force Research Laboratory
JUDITH T. KARPEN,
Naval Research Laboratory
JEFFREY R. KUHN,
University of Hawaii
MARTIN A. LEE,
University of New Hampshire
RICHARD A. MEWALDT,
California Institute of Technology
VICTOR PIZZO,
NOAA Space Environment Center
JURI TOOMRE,
University of Colorado at Boulder
THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN,
University of Michigan
PANEL ON SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
CHRISTOPHER T. RUSSELL,
University of California, Los Angeles,
Chair
JOACHIM BIRN,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Vice Chair
BRIAN J. ANDERSON,
Johns Hopkins University
JAMES L. BURCH,
Southwest Research Institute
JOSEPH F. FENNELL,
Aerospace Corporation
STEPHEN A. FUSELIER,
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center
MICHAEL HESSE,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
WILLIAM S. KURTH,
University of Iowa
JANET G. LUHMANN,
University of California, Berkeley
MARK MOLDWIN,
University of California, Los Angeles
HARLAN E. SPENCE,
Boston University
MICHELLE F. THOMSEN,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
PANEL ON ATMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
MICHAEL C. KELLEY,
Cornell University,
Chair
MARY K. HUDSON,
Dartmouth College,
Vice Chair
DANIEL N. BAKER,
University of Colorado at Boulder
THOMAS E. CRAVENS,
University of Kansas
TIMOTHY J. FULLER-ROWELL,
University of Colorado at Boulder
MAURA E. HAGAN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
UMRAN S. INAN,
Stanford University
TIMOTHY L. KILLEEN,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
CRAIG KLETZING,
University of Iowa
JANET U. KOZYRA,
University of Michigan
ROBERT LYSAK,
University of Minnesota
GEORGE C. REID,
University of Colorado at Boulder
HOWARD J. SINGER,
NOAA Space Environment Center
ROGER W. SMITH,
University of Alaska
PANEL ON THEORY, MODELING, AND DATA EXPLORATION
GARY P. ZANK,
University of California, Riverside,
Chair
DAVID G. SIBECK,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Vice Chair
SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS,
Naval Research Laboratory
RICHARD S. BOGART,
Stanford University
JAMES F. DRAKE, JR.,
University of Maryland
ROBERT E. ERGUN,
University of Colorado at Boulder
JACK R. JOKIPII,
University of Arizona
JON A. LINKER,
Science Applications International Corporation
WILLIAM LOTKO,
Dartmouth College
JOACHIM RAEDER,
University of California, Los Angeles
ROBERT W. SCHUNK,
Utah State University
PANEL ON EDUCATION AND SOCIETY
RAMON E. LOPEZ,
University of Texas, El Paso,
Chair
MARK ENGEBRETSON,
Augsburg College,
Vice Chair
FRAN BAGENAL,
University of Colorado
CRAIG DeFOREST,
Southwest Research Institute
PRISCILLA FRISCH,
University of Chicago
DALE E. GARY,
New Jersey Institute of Technology
MAUREEN HARRIGAN,
Agilent Technologies
ROBERTA M. JOHNSON,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
STEPHEN P. MARAN,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
TERRANCE ONSAGER,
NOAA Space Environment Center
COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS
JAMES L. BURCH,
Southwest Research Institute,
Chair
JAMES F. DRAKE,
University of Maryland
STEPHEN A. FUSELIER,
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center
MARY K. HUDSON,
Dartmouth College
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,
University of California, Los Angeles
CRAIG KLETZING,
University of Iowa
FRANK B. McDONALD,
University of Maryland
EUGENE N. PARKER,
University of Chicago,
Professor Emeritus
ROBERT W. SCHUNK,
Utah State University
GARY P. ZANK,
University of California, Riverside
ARTHUR A. CHARO, Study Director
THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
LENNARD A. FISK,
University of Michigan,
Chair
GEORGE A. PAULIKAS,
The Aerospace Corporation (retired),
Vice Chair
DANIEL N. BAKER,
University of Colorado
ANA P. BARROS,
Duke University
RETA F. BEEBE,
New Mexico State University
ROGER D. BLANDFORD,
Stanford University
RADFORD BYERLY, JR.,
University of Colorado
JUDITH A. CURRY,
Georgia Institute of Technology
JACK D. FARMER,
Arizona State University
JACQUELINE N. HEWITT,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DONALD INGBER,
Harvard Medical Center
RALPH H. JACOBSON,
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (retired)
TAMARA E. JERNIGAN,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,
University of California, Los Angeles
CALVIN W. LOWE,
Bowie State University
HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR.,
University of Tennessee
BERRIEN MOORE III,
University of New Hampshire
NORMAN NEUREITER,
Texas Instruments (retired)
SUZANNE OPARIL,
University of Alabama, Birmingham
RONALD F. PROBSTEIN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DENNIS W. READEY,
Colorado School of Mines
ANNA-LOUISE REYSENBACH,
Portland State University
ROALD S. SAGDEEV,
University of Maryland
CAROLUS J. SCHRIJVER,
Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory
HARVEY D. TANANBAUM,
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
J. CRAIG WHEELER,
University of Texas, Austin
A. THOMAS YOUNG,
Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired)
JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director