PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA’S BIOASTRONAUTICS CRITICAL PATH ROADMAP
Interim Report
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington D.C.
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. NASW-02031 #103 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-09523-9 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-54721-0 (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.
Copyright 2005 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON REVIEW OF NASA’S BIOASTRONAUTICS CRITICAL PATH ROADMAP
DAVID E. LONGNECKER (Chair), Professor of Anesthesia,
University of Pennsylvania
JAMES P. BAGIAN, Director,
National Center for Patient Safety, Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration
ELIZABETH CANTWELL, Director,
External Relations, Homeland Security Organization, and Micro and Nano Technology Section Leader, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
VALERIE GAWRON, Fellow,
General Dynamics
CHRISTOPHER HART, Assistant Administrator for System Safety,
Federal Aviation Administration
THOMAS TEN HAVE, Professor of Biostatistics,
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
CHARLES LAND, Senior Investigator,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute
DANIEL R. MASYS, Director of Biomedical Informatics and Professor of Medicine,
University of California, San Diego
BRUCE MCCANDLESS II, Research Scientist,
Advanced Space Transportation Systems, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company
TOM S. NEUMAN, Professor of Medicine and Surgery,
University of California, San Diego, San Diego Medical Center
THOMAS F. OLTMANNS, E. J. Swift Professor of Arts and Sciences,
Department of Psychology, Washington University
LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS, Professor,
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego
JAMES PAWELCZYK, Associate Professor of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology,
Pennsylvania State University
BRUCE S. RABIN, Professor of Pathology and Psychiatry, Medical Director,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Healthy Lifestyle Program
KARLENE ROBERTS, Professor of Business Administration,
Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
CAROL SCOTT-CONNER, Professor of Surgery,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics
MARGARET RHEA SEDDON, Assistant Chief Medical Officer,
Vanderbilt Medical Group
JAY R. SHAPIRO, Professor of Medicine,
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University and
Director,
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Program, Kennedy-Krieger Institute
IOM STAFF
LISA M. VANDEMARK, Study Director
ANDREW M. POPE, Director,
Board on Health Sciences Policy
MELVIN H. WORTH, JR., Scholar-in-Residence
BENJAMIN N. HAMLIN, Research Associate
ERIN MCCARVILLE, Senior Project Assistant
DIVISION ON ENGINEERING AND PHYSICAL SCENCES STAFF
SANDRA GRAHAM, Senior Program Officer
MAUREEN MELLODY, Program Officer
Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
JOHN R. BALL, American Society for Clinical Pathology
DAVID W. GAYLOR, Gaylor & Associates
AL HARRISON, Department of Psychology,University of California, Davis
JOHN KINDINGER, Los Alamos National Laboratory
DAVID M. KLAUS, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado
LAWRENCE G. RAISZ, University of Connecticut Health Center
COURTNEY STADD, Capitol Solutions
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mary Jane Osborn, University of Connecticut Health Center. Appointed by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.